Collective behavior has been observed in hadronic measurements of high multiplicity $\text{proton}+\text{lead}$ collisions at the Large Hadron Collider, as well as in (proton, deuteron, helium-3) + gold collisions at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider. To better understand the evolution dynamics and the properties of the matter created in these small systems, a systematic study of the soft hadronic observables together with electromagnetic radiation from these collisions is performed by using a hydrodynamic framework. Quantitative agreement is found between theoretical calculations and existing experimental hadronic observables. The validity of the fluid-dynamical description is estimated by calculating Knudsen and inverse Reynolds numbers. Sizeable thermal yields are predicted for low-$p_T$ photons. Further predictions of higher-order charged hadron anisotropic flow coefficients and of thermal photon enhancement are proposed.

• Received 24 October 2016
• Revised 16 December 2016

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.95.014906