Figure 1

Construction used for aberration calculation. The aperture stop, labeled AS, is at the plane of the thin lens (although the lens shown is thick). The Gaussian image plane is labeled IP. The aperture stop coordinate vector, $\mathbf{r}$, and the image plane coordinate vector, $\mathbf{h}$, are not necessarily parallel as shown.Reuse & Permissions

Figure 2

(Color) The top plot shows spherical aberration (black), astigmatism (green), field curvature (blue), and shape factor (light gray) as a function of index for a lens focusing an object at infinity and bent for zero coma. The thin gray vertical lines indicate properties for lenses shown in ray tracing diagrams (bottom), meridional profile (left), and image spot (right). The incident angle is $0.2\mathrm{radians}$ and lenses are $f∕2$. Index, shape factor, relative rms spot size, and spot diagram zoom are shown tabularly. In the meridional profile, the lens principle planes are shown as thin black vertical lines, and the optic axis and Gaussian image plane are shown as blue lines. In the spot diagram, the Gaussian focus is at the center of the blue cross hairs.Reuse & Permissions

Figure 3

(Color) All as in Fig. 2, except the following: the lens is bent for zero spherical aberration. The coma is shown in red. The solid and dashed lines indicate different solutions. Spot size, $r_{rms}$, is relative to the bottom lens spot in Fig. 2. All spot diagrams are at the same scale.Reuse & Permissions

Figure 4

(Color) All as in Fig. 2, except the following: lens configuration with object and image at finite positions and bent for zero spherical aberration and coma. The position factor is shown in dark gray. Real image object pairs only occur when the position factor is in the shaded region, $\mid p\mid <1$. The lens pairs are $f∕1.23$, $f∕1.08$, $f∕0.90$, and have magnifications $-1$, $-2$, $-3$. In the second to last spot diagram, the horizontal $(10\times )$ and vertical $(100\times )$ zooms are not equal.Reuse & Permissions