Collisions involving ${}^{112}\mathrm{Sn}$ and ${}^{124}\mathrm{Sn}$ nuclei have been simulated with the improved quantum molecular dynamics transport model. The results of the calculations reproduce isospin diffusion data from two different observables and the ratios of neutron and proton spectra. By comparing these data to calculations performed over a range of symmetry energies at saturation density and different representations of the density dependence of the symmetry energy, constraints on the density dependence of the symmetry energy at subnormal density are obtained. The results from the present work are compared to constraints put forward in other recent analyses.

• Received 16 November 2008

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.102.122701