Observation and measurement of Higgs boson decays to ${WW}^{*}$ with the ATLAS detector

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Observation and measurement of Higgs boson decays to ${W W}^{*}$ with the ATLAS detector

G. Aad et al. (ATLAS Collaboration)

Phys. Rev. D 92, 012006 – Published 16 July 2015

Abstract

We report the observation of Higgs boson decays to $W W^{*}$ based on an excess over background of 6.1 standard deviations in the dilepton final state, where the Standard Model expectation is 5.8 standard deviations. Evidence for the vector-boson fusion (VBF) production process is obtained with a significance of 3.2 standard deviations. The results are obtained from a data sample corresponding to an integrated luminosity of $25 {fb}^{- 1}$ from $\sqrt{s} = 7$ and 8 TeV $p p$ collisions recorded by the ATLAS detector at the LHC. For a Higgs boson mass of 125.36 GeV, the ratio of the measured value to the expected value of the total production cross section times branching fraction is $1.0 9_{- 0.15}^{+ 0.16} {(stat)}_{- 0.14}^{+ 0.17} (syst)$ . The corresponding ratios for the gluon fusion and vector-boson fusion production mechanisms are $1.02 \pm 0.19 {(stat)}_{- 0.18}^{+ 0.22} (syst)$ and $1.2 7_{- 0.40}^{+ 0.44} {(stat)}_{- 0.21}^{+ 0.30} (syst)$ , respectively. At $\sqrt{s} = 8 TeV$ , the total production cross sections are measured to be $σ (g g \to H \to W W^{*}) = 4.6 \pm 0.9 {(stat)}_{- 0.7}^{+ 0.8} (syst) pb$ and $σ (V B F H \to W W^{*}) = 0.5 1_{- 0.15}^{+ 0.17} {(stat)}_{- 0.08}^{+ 0.13} (syst) pb$ . The fiducial cross section is determined for the gluon-fusion process in exclusive final states with zero or one associated jet.

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Received 9 December 2014

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.92.012006

This article is available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License. Further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the published article’s title, journal citation, and DOI.

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Vol. 92, Iss. 1 — 1 July 2015

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Figure 1
Feynman diagrams for the leading production modes (ggF, VBF, and VH), where the $V V H$ and $q q H$ coupling vertices are marked by $•$ and $\circ$ , respectively. The $V$ represents a $W$ or $Z$ vector boson.
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Figure 2
Analysis divisions in categories based on jet multiplicity ( $n_{j}$ ) and lepton-flavor samples ( $e μ$ and $e e / μ μ$ ). The most sensitive signal region for ggF production is $n_{j} = 0$ in $e μ$ , while for VBF production it is $n_{j} \geq 2$ in $e μ$ . These two samples are underlined. The $e μ$ samples with $n_{j} \leq 1$ are further subdivided as described in the text.
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Figure 3
Illustration of the $H \to W W$ decay. The small arrows indicate the particles’ directions of motion and the large double arrows indicate their spin projections. The spin-0 Higgs boson decays to $W$ bosons with opposite spins, and the spin-1 $W$ bosons decay into leptons with aligned spins. The $H$ and $W$ boson decays are shown in the decaying particle’s rest frame. Because of the $V - A$ decay of the $W$ bosons, the charged leptons have a small opening angle in the laboratory frame. This feature is also present when one $W$ boson is off shell.
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Figure 4
Simulated resolutions of (a) missing transverse momentum and (b) $m_{T}$ for the ggF signal MC in the $n_{j} = 0$ category. The comparisons are made between the calorimeter-based reconstruction ( $E_{T}^{miss}$ ) and the track-based reconstruction ( $p_{T}^{miss}$ ) of the soft objects [see Eq. (2)]. The resolution is measured as the difference of the reconstructed (Reco) and generated (Gen) quantities; the rms values of the distributions are given with the legends in units of GeV.
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Figure 5
Missing transverse momentum distributions. The plots for $E_{T}^{miss}$ and $p_{T}^{miss}$ [see Eq. (2)] are made after applying the preselection criteria common to all $n_{j}$ categories (see Table 4). The observed data points (Obs, $•$ ) with their statistical uncertainty (stat) are compared with the histograms representing the cumulative expected contributions (Exp, –), for which the systematic uncertainty (syst) is represented by the shaded band. The band accounts for experimental uncertainties and for theoretical uncertainties on the acceptance for background and signal and is only visible in the tails of the distributions. Of the listed contributions (see Table 1), the dominant DY backgrounds peak at low values. The legend order follows the histogram stacking order of the plots with the exception of ${DY}_{e e / μ μ}$ ; it is at the top for (a) and at the bottom for the others. The arrows mark the threshold of the selection requirements.
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Figure 6
Jet multiplicity distributions for all jets ( $n_{j}$ ) and $b$ -tagged jets ( $n_{b}$ ). The plots are made after applying the preselection criteria common to all $n_{j}$ categories (see Table 4). See Fig. 5 for plotting details.
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Figure 7
Distributions of (a) $p_{T}^{ℓ ℓ}$ , (b) $m_{ℓ ℓ}$ , (c) $Δ ϕ_{ℓ ℓ}$ , and (d) $f_{recoil}$ , for the $n_{j} = 0$ category. The plot in (a) is made after requiring all selections up to $p_{T}^{ℓ ℓ}$ , (b) up to $m_{ℓ ℓ}$ , (c) up to $Δ ϕ_{ℓ ℓ}$ , and (d) up to $f_{recoil}$ (see Table 5). For each variable, the top panel compares the observed and the cumulative expected distributions; the bottom panel shows the overlay of the distributions of the individual expected contributions, normalized to unit area, to emphasize shape differences. See Fig. 5 for plotting details.
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Figure 8
Distributions of (a) $m_{T}^{ℓ}$ , (b) $m_{τ τ}$ , (c) $m_{ℓ ℓ}$ , and (d) $Δ ϕ_{ℓ ℓ}$ for the $n_{j} = 1$ category. The plot in (a) is made after requiring all selections up to $m_{T}^{ℓ}$ , (b) up to $m_{τ τ}$ , (c) up to $m_{ℓ ℓ}$ , and (d) up to $Δ ϕ_{ℓ ℓ}$ (see Table 6). See Figs. 5 and 7 for plotting details (the sum of the $j j$ and $W j$ contributions corresponds to the label “Misid” in Fig. 5).
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Figure 9
Distributions of (a) $m_{j j}$ , (b) $Δ y_{j j}$ , (c) $C_{ℓ 1}$ , and (d) $Σ m_{ℓ j}$ for the $n_{j} \geq 2$ VBF-enriched category. The plot in (a) is made after requiring all selections up to $m_{j j}$ , (b) up to $Δ y_{j j}$ , and (c) up to $C_{ℓ 1}$ (see Table 7). The signal is shown separately for the $ggF$ and $VBF$ production processes. The arrows mark the threshold of the selection requirements for the cross-check analysis in (a)–(c). There is no selection made on the variable in (d) since it is only used as an input to the training of the BDT. See Figs. 5 and 7 for plotting details.
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Figure 10
Distribution of dilepton invariant mass for the $n_{j} \geq 2 ggF$ -enriched category. The plot is made after requiring all selections up to $m_{ℓ ℓ}$ (see Table 9). See Fig. 5 for plotting details.
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Figure 11
Distributions of the transverse mass $m_{T}$ for the $n_{j} \leq 1$ and $n_{j} \geq 2 ggF$ -enriched categories in the 8 TeV data analysis. The plots are made after requiring all selections up to $m_{T}$ (see Tables 5, 6, and 9). See Fig. 5 for plotting details. The sum of the $j j$ and $W j$ contributions corresponds to the label “Misid” in Fig. 5.
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Figure 12
Distributions of the transverse mass $m_{T}$ for the $n_{j} \leq 1$ categories in the 7 TeV data analysis. The plot is made after requiring all selections up to $m_{T}$ (see Sec. 4e). See Fig. 5 for plotting details.
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Figure 13
Distributions of the BDT output in the $n_{j} \geq 2$ VBF-enriched category in the 8 and 7 TeV data analyses. The plot is made after requiring all the selections listed in Table 4 and after the BDT classification. See Fig. 5 for plotting details.
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Figure 14
Distributions of the subleading lepton $p_{T}$ for the 8 TeV data analysis in the $e μ$ sample used for the statistical analysis described in Sec. 7. The distributions are shown for two categories of events based on the flavor of the subleading lepton $ℓ_{2}$ . The plots are made after requiring all selections up to the $m_{T}$ requirement, as shown in Tables 5 and 6. The arrows indicate the bin boundaries; see Fig. 5 for plotting details.
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Figure 15
Distributions of the dilepton invariant mass $m_{ℓ ℓ}$ for the 8 TeV data analysis in the $e μ$ sample used for the statistical analysis described in Sec. 7. The distributions are shown for two categories of events based on the flavor of the subleading lepton $ℓ_{2}$ . The plot is made after requiring all selections up to the $m_{T}$ requirement, as shown in Tables 5 and 6. The arrows indicate the bin boundaries; see Fig. 5 for plotting details.
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Figure 16
Distributions of the subleading lepton $p_{T}$ and dilepton invariant mass for the 7 TeV data analysis in the $e μ$ sample. The plots are made after requiring all selections up to $m_{T}$ (see Sec. 4e). The arrows indicate the bin boundaries; see Fig. 5 for plotting details.
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Figure 17
Event displays of $H \to W W^{*} \to e ν μ ν$ candidates in the $n_{j} = 0$ (top) and $n_{j} \geq 2$ VBF-enriched (bottom) categories. The neutrinos are represented by missing transverse momentum (MET, dotted line) that points away from the $e μ$ system. The properties of the first event are $p_{T}^{e} = 33 GeV$ , $p_{T}^{μ} = 24 GeV$ , $m_{ℓ ℓ} = 48 GeV$ , $Δ ϕ_{ℓ ℓ} = 1.7$ , $p_{T}^{miss} = 37 GeV$ , and $m_{T} = 98 GeV$ . The properties of the second event are $p_{T}^{e} = 51 GeV$ , $p_{T}^{μ} = 15 GeV$ , $m_{ℓ ℓ} = 21 GeV$ , $Δ ϕ_{ℓ ℓ} = 0.1$ , $p_{T}^{j 1} = 67 GeV$ , $p_{T}^{j 2} = 41 GeV$ , $m_{j j} = 1.4 TeV$ , $Δ y_{j j} = 6.6$ , $p_{T}^{miss} = 59 GeV$ , and $m_{T} = 127 GeV$ . Both events have a small value of $Δ ϕ_{ℓ ℓ}$ , which is characteristic of the signal. The second event shows two well-separated jets that are characteristic of VBF production.
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Figure 18
Efficiencies of the veto of the (a) first jet and (b) second jet in inclusive ggF production of the Higgs boson, as a function of the veto-threshold $p_{T}$ .
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Figure 19
$W W$ control region distributions of transverse mass. The normalizations of all processes are as described in Sec. 6. See Fig. 5 for plotting details.
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Figure 20
$W W$ validation region distribution of $m_{T 2}$ in the $n_{j} \geq 2$ VBF-enriched category. A requirement of $m_{T 2} > 160 GeV$ is used to define the validation region.
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Figure 21
Top-quark control region distributions of (a) transverse mass and (b) jet $p_{T}$ . The $m_{T}$ plot in (a) scales the top-quark contributions with the normalization factor $β_{top}$ . The $p_{T}^{j}$ plot in (b) compares the jet $p_{T}$ distribution in top-quark MC—both the $t \bar{t}$ and the $W t$ processes—in $n_{j} = 2$ ( $2 j$ probe) events to $n_{j} = 1$ ( $1 j$ ) events. For each $n_{j} = 2$ event, one of the two jets is chosen randomly and the $p_{T}$ of that jet enters the distribution if the other jet is tagged. See Fig. 5 for plotting details.
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Figure 22
Top-quark control region distributions in the VBF-enriched $n_{j} \geq 2$ category for (a) $m_{j j}$ and (b) BDT output. For the plot in (b) the shaded band in the ratio shows the uncertainty on the normalization of each bin. No events are observed in bin 3. See Fig. 5 for plotting details.
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Figure 23
Misidentified lepton sample distributions of $p_{T}$ in the $Z + jets$ control sample: (a) identified muon, (b) identified electron, (c) anti-identified muon, and (d) anti-identified electron. The symbols represent the data (Obs); the histograms are the background MC estimates (Bkg) of the sum of electroweak processes other than the associated production of a $Z$ boson and jets.
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Figure 24
Misidentified lepton extrapolation factors, $α_{misid}$ , for anti-identified (a) muons and (b) electrons before applying the correction factor described in the text. The symbols represent the central values of the $Z + jets$ data and the three $ALPGEN + PYTHIA 6$ MC samples: $Z + jets$ , opposite-charge (OC) $W + jets$ , and same-charge (SC) $W + jets$ . The bands represent the uncertainties: Stat. refers to the statistical component, which is dominated by the number of jets identified as leptons in $Z + jets$ data; Background is due to the subtraction of other electroweak processes present in $Z + jets$ data; and Sample is due to the variation of the $α_{misid}$ ratios in $Z + jets$ to OC $W + jets$ or to SC $W + jets$ in the three MC samples. The symbols are offset from each other for presentation.
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Figure 25
$W γ$ and $W γ^{*}$ validation region (VR) distributions: (a) $W γ$ transverse mass, (b) $W γ$ electron $E_{T}$ , (c) $W γ^{*}$ transverse mass using the leading two leptons, and (d) $W γ^{*}$ dimuon invariant mass. The $W γ$ ( $W γ^{*}$ ) plots use the data in the $n_{j} = 0$ (all $n_{j}$ ) category. “Rest” consists of contributions not listed in the legend. All processes are normalized to their theoretical cross sections. See Fig. 5 for plotting details.
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Figure 26
Same-charge control region distributions: (a) transverse mass in the $n_{j} = 0$ category, (b) subleading lepton $p_{T}$ in the $n_{j} = 0$ category, (c) transverse mass in the $n_{j} = 1$ category, and (d) subleading lepton $p_{T}$ in the $n_{j} = 1$ category. “Rest” consists of contributions not listed in the legend. See Fig. 5 for plotting details.
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Figure 27
$Z / γ^{*} \to τ τ$ control region distributions of transverse mass. See Fig. 5 for plotting details.
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Figure 28
Simplified illustration of the fit regions for $n_{j} = 0$ , $e μ$ category. The figure in (a) is the variable-binned $m_{T}$ distribution in the signal region for a particular range of $m_{ℓ ℓ}$ and $p_{T}^{ℓ 2}$ specified in Table 21; the $m_{T}$ bins are labeled $b = 1, 2, \dots$ ; the histograms are stacked for the five principal background processes— $W W$ , top, Misid (mostly $W j$ ), $V V$ , DY (unlabeled)—and the Higgs signal process. The figures in (b, c, d) represent the distributions that define the various profiled control regions used in the fit with a corresponding Poisson term in the likelihood $L$ . Those in (e, f, g) represent the nonprofiled control regions that do not have a Poisson term in $L$ , but determine parameters that modify the background yield predictions. A validation region (VR) is also defined in (b); see text.
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Figure 29
Postfit transverse mass distributions in the $e μ$ $n_{j} \leq 1$ categories in the 8 TeV data analysis, for specific $m_{ℓ ℓ}$ and $p_{T}^{ℓ 2}$ ranges. The plots are made after applying all the selection requirements (see Tables 5 and 6). The signal processes are scaled with the observed signal strength $μ$ from the fit to all the regions and the background normalizations include the postfit $β$ values and effects from the pulls of the nuisance parameters. See Fig. 5 for plotting details.
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Figure 30
Postfit transverse mass distributions in the $n_{j} \leq 1$ , $e e / μ μ$ categories in the 8 TeV analysis. See Figs. 5 and 29 for plotting details.
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Figure 31
Postfit transverse mass distribution in the $n_{j} \geq 2$ ggF-enriched category in the 8 TeV analysis. See Figs. 5 and 29 for plotting details.
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Figure 32
Postfit distributions in the cross-check analysis in the $e μ + e e / μ μ$ $n_{j} \geq 2$ VBF-enriched category in the 8 TeV data analysis: (a) $m_{T}$ and (b) $m_{j j}$ versus $m_{T}$ scatter plot for data. For each bin in (b), the ratio $N_{VBF} / N_{rest}$ is stated in the plot, where $N_{rest}$ includes all processes other than the VBF signal. See Figs. 5 and 29 for plotting details.
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Figure 33
Postfit BDT and transverse mass distributions in the $n_{j} \geq 2$ VBF-enriched category in the 8 TeV data analysis: (a) BDT output in $e μ$ , (b) $m_{T}$ in $e μ$ , (c) BDT output in $e e / μ μ$ , and (d) $m_{T}$ in $e e / μ μ$ . For (b) and (d), the three BDT bins are combined. See Figs. 5 and 29 for plotting details.
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Figure 34
Postfit transverse mass distributions in the $n_{j} \leq 1$ categories in the 7 TeV data analysis, for specific $m_{ℓ ℓ}$ and $p_{T}^{ℓ 2}$ ranges. The plots are made after applying all the selection requirements (see Sec. 4e). See Figs. 5 and 29 for plotting details.
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Figure 35
Postfit combined transverse mass distributions for $n_{j} \leq 1$ and for all lepton-flavor samples in the 7 and 8 TeV data analyses. The plot in (b) shows the residuals of the data with respect to the estimated background compared to the expected distribution for an SM Higgs boson with $m_{H} = 125 GeV$ ; the error bars on the data are statistical ( $\sqrt{N_{obs}}$ ). The uncertainty on the background (shown as the shaded band around 0) is at most about 25 events per $m_{T}$ bin and partially correlated between bins. Background processes are scaled by postfit normalization factors and the signal processes by the observed signal strength $μ$ from the likelihood fit to all regions. Their normalizations also include effects from the pulls of the nuisance parameters.
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Figure 36
Local $p_{0}$ as a function of $m_{H}$ . The observed values are shown as a solid line with points where $p_{0}$ is evaluated. The dashed line shows the expected values given the presence of a signal at each $x$ -axis value. The expected values for $m_{H} = 125.36 GeV$ are given as a solid line without points; the inner (outer) band shaded darker (lighter) represents the one (two) standard deviation uncertainty.
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Figure 37
Best-fit signal strength $\hat{μ}$ as a function of $m_{H}$ . The observed values are shown as a solid line with points where $\hat{μ}$ is evaluated. The expected values for $m_{H} = 125.36 GeV$ are shown as a solid line without points. The dashed and shaded (solid) bands represent the one standard deviation uncertainties for the observed (expected) values.
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Figure 38
Observed signal strength $μ$ as a function of $m_{H}$ as evaluated by the likelihood fit. The shaded areas represent the one, two, and three standard deviation contours with respect to the best-fit values ${\hat{m}}_{H}$ and $\hat{μ}$ .
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Figure 39
Likelihood scan as a function of $μ_{VBF} / μ_{gg F}$ for $m_{H} = 125.36 GeV$ . The value of the likelihood at $μ_{VBF} / μ_{gg F} = 0$ gives the significance of the VBF signal at 3.2 standard deviations. The inner (middle) [outer] band shaded darker (lighter) [darker] represents the one (two) [three] standard deviation uncertainty around the central value represented by the vertical line.
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Figure 40
Likelihood scan as a function of $μ_{gg F}$ and $μ_{VBF}$ . The best-fit observed (expected SM) value is represented by the cross symbol (open circle) and its one, two, and three standard deviation contours are shown by solid lines surrounding the filled areas (dotted lines). The $x$ - and $y$ -axis scales are the same to visually highlight the relative sensitivity.
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Figure 41
Likelihood scan as a function of $κ_{V}$ and $κ_{F}$ . The best-fit observed (expected SM) value is represented by the cross symbol (open circle) and its one, two, and three standard deviation contours are shown by solid lines surrounding the filled areas (dotted lines). Note that the $y$ axis spans a wider range than the $x$ axis.
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Figure 42
${CL}_{S}$ exclusion plot for $110 \leq m_{H} \leq 200 GeV$ . The observed values are shown as a solid line with points where the limit is evaluated. The expected values for a signal at 125.36 GeV are given as a solid line without points. The expected values for scenarios without signal are given by the dotted line. The inner (outer) band shaded darker (lighter) represents the one (two) standard deviation uncertainty on the value for expected without signal. The limit of 132 GeV (114 GeV) on $m_{H}$ for the observed (expected no signal) scenario can be seen at low values of $m_{H}$ .
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Figure 43
Transverse mass distribution shown with variable bin widths as used in the likelihood fit. The most sensitive signal region is shown ( $n_{j} = 0$ , $e μ$ , and $ℓ_{2} = μ$ in $m_{ℓ ℓ} > 30 GeV$ and $p_{T}^{ℓ 2} > 20 GeV$ ).
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Figure 44
Distributions of the variables used as inputs to the training of the BDT in the $e μ$ sample in the 8 TeV data analysis. The variables are shown after the common preselection and the additional selection requirements in the $n_{j} \geq 2$ VBF-enriched category, and they include: $m_{ℓ ℓ}$ , $Δ ϕ_{ℓ ℓ}$ , $m_{T}$ , and $Δ y_{j j}$ (top two rows); $m_{j j}$ , $p_{T}^{sum}$ , $Σ C_{ℓ}$ , and $Σ m_{ℓ j}$ (bottom two rows). The distributions show the separation between the VBF signal and background processes (ggF signal production is treated as such). The VBF signal is scaled by 50 to enhance the differences in the shapes of the input variable distributions. The SM Higgs boson is shown at $m_{H} = 125 GeV$ . The uncertainties on the background prediction are only due to MC sample size.
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Figure 45
Distributions of the variables used as inputs to the training of the BDT in the $e e / μ μ$ sample in the 8 TeV data analysis. The variables are shown after the common preselection and the additional selection requirements in the $n_{j} \geq 2$ VBF-enriched category, and they include $m_{ℓ ℓ}$ , $Δ ϕ_{ℓ ℓ}$ , $m_{T}$ , and $Δ y_{j j}$ (top two rows); $m_{j j}$ , $p_{T}^{sum}$ , $Σ C_{ℓ}$ , and $Σ m_{ℓ j}$ (bottom two rows). The distributions show the separation between the VBF signal and background processes (ggF signal production is treated as such). The VBF signal is scaled by 50 to enhance the differences in the shapes of the input variable distributions. The SM Higgs boson is shown at $m_{H} = 125 GeV$ . The uncertainties on the background prediction are only due to MC sample size.
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Figure 46
Distributions of BDT output in the $n_{j} \geq 2$ VBF-enriched category in the (a) $e μ$ and (b) $e e / μ μ$ samples in the 8 TeV data analysis. The distributions show the separation between the VBF signal and background processes (ggF signal production is treated as such). The VBF signal is overlaid to show the differences in the shapes with respect to the background prediction. The DY contribution in (b) is stacked on top, unlike in the legend, to show the dominant contribution; the other processes follow the legend order. The SM Higgs boson is shown at $m_{H} = 125 GeV$ . The uncertainties on the background prediction are only due to MC sample size.
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Figure 47
Comparisons of the observed and expected distributions of the variables used as inputs to the training of the BDT in the $e μ + e e / μ μ$ samples in the 8 TeV data analysis. The variables are shown after the common preselection and the additional selection requirements in the $n_{j} \geq 2$ VBF-enriched category, and after the BDT classification selecting the final signal region (BDT bins 1–3, $O_{BDT} > - 0.48$ ). The variables shown are $m_{ℓ ℓ}$ , $Δ ϕ_{ℓ ℓ}$ , $m_{T}$ , and $p_{T}^{sum}$ (top two rows); $Δ y_{j j}$ , $m_{j j}$ , $Σ C_{ℓ}$ , and $Σ m_{ℓ j}$ (bottom two rows). The SM Higgs boson is shown at $m_{H} = 125 GeV$ . Both the statistical and systematic uncertainties are included.
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