From particle simulations of a sheared frictional granular gas, we show that the Coulomb friction can have dramatic effects on orientational correlation as well as on both the translational and angular velocity distribution functions even in the Boltzmann (dilute) limit. The dependence of orientational correlation on friction coefficient ($\mu$) is found to be nonmonotonic, and the Coulomb friction plays a dual role of enhancing or diminishing the orientational correlation, depending on the value of the tangential restitution coefficient (which characterizes the roughness of particles). From the sticking limit (i.e., with no sliding contact) of rough particles, decreasing the Coulomb friction is found to reduce the density and spatial velocity correlations which, together with diminished orientational correlation for small enough $\mu$, are responsible for the transition from non-Gaussian to Gaussian distribution functions in the double limit of small friction ($\mu \to 0$) and nearly elastic particles ($e\to 1$). This double limit in fact corresponds to perfectly smooth particles, and hence the Maxwellian (Gaussian) is indeed a solution of the Boltzmann equation for a frictional granular gas in the limit of elastic collisions and zero Coulomb friction at any roughness. The high-velocity tails of both distribution functions seem to follow stretched exponentials even in the presence of Coulomb friction, and the related velocity exponents deviate strongly from a Gaussian with increasing friction.

• Received 18 February 2011

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevE.84.021304