Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-cfpbc Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-24T13:55:55.169Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Legal Elites and the Shaping of Corporate Law Practice in Brazil: A Historical Study

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  27 December 2018

Jayanth K. Krishnan ,
Vitor M. Dias  and
John E. Pence
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Brazil today has a legal market that allows for foreign lawyers and foreign firms, but existing regulations are restrictive. Foreign lawyers cannot practice domestic law or litigation, nor can Brazilian‐licensed lawyers working for foreign firms or partnering with foreign lawyers. This was not always the case, however. Until 1963, there was little regulation of the legal profession. Beginning in 1913, elite US lawyers traveled to Brazil, with some even becoming prominent domestic practitioners. They partnered with local elite lawyers (who maintained their domestic privileges) and served as key brokers for US businesses seeking market entry. Drawing on the elite theory literature, and on ethnographies, interview data, and over 1,000 pages of rare Portuguese and English archival sources, this study's thesis is that sophisticated US and Brazilian legal elites capitalized on the lack of regulation to advance their financial interests, and in the process transformed Brazil's corporate legal sector.

Type
Articles
Information
Law & Social Inquiry , Volume 41 , Issue 2 , Spring 2016 , pp. 346 - 370
Copyright
Copyright © American Bar Foundation, 2016 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

References

Boscoli, Altamiro, and Rotenberg, Naum, interview by all authors, February 13, 2014.Google Scholar
Carvalho, Lourdes, interview by two authors, February 27, 2014.Google Scholar
Demarest, Suzanne, interview by all authors, February 28, 2014.Google Scholar
Garland, Paul Griffith, interview by two authors, March 17, 2014.Google Scholar
Kincaid, Carl Jr., interview by all authors, March 13, 2014.Google Scholar
Leonardos, Maurício, interview by one author, April 7, 2014.Google Scholar
Momsen, Beatrice, interview by two authors, March 4, 2014.Google Scholar
Trubek, David, interview by one author, March 25, 2014.Google Scholar
Vianna, Godofredo Mendes, interview by all authors, February 27, 2014.Google Scholar
Boscoli, Altamiro, e‐mail message to authors, May 4, 2014.Google Scholar
Coelho da Rocha, Paulo, e‐mail message to authors, December 10, 2014 Google Scholar
Demarest, George, e‐mail message to authors, February 26, 2014.Google Scholar
Demarest, Kenneth, personal journal, January 14, 1947 (in authors’ possession).Google Scholar
Garavaglia, Barbara, e‐mail message to authors, June 19, 2014.Google Scholar
Garland, Paul Griffith, e‐mail message to authors, April 17, 2014.Google Scholar
George Washington University, Certificate of Attendance to Law School of Richard Paul Momsen, 1923 (in authors’ possession).Google Scholar
Huy, Chu, e‐mail message to authors, April 22, 2014.Google Scholar
Kincaid, Carl Jr., e‐mail message to authors, March 13, 2014.Google Scholar
Leonardos, Thomas Otton, February 25, 1964, correspondence to Dorothea Momsen (in authors’ possession).Google Scholar
Momsen, Richard Paul, October 31, 1912a, correspondence to the Voters of the Fourth Congressional District (in authors’ possession).Google Scholar
Momsen, Richard Paul, December 16, 1912b, correspondence to Wilbur J. Cary (in authors’ possession).Google Scholar
Momsen, Richard Paul, January 5, 1913, correspondence to Wilbur J. Cary (in authors’ possession).Google Scholar
Momsen, Richard Paul, January 2, 1918a, correspondence to Momsen's mother (in authors’ possession).Google Scholar
Momsen, Richard Paul, April 18, 1918b, correspondence to Wilbur J. Cary (in authors’ possession).Google Scholar
Momsen, Richard Paul, November 23, 1925a, business card with the announcement of the partnership with Mr. Simeon Harris (in authors’ possession).Google Scholar
Momsen, Richard Paul, 1925b, foreign trademarks registered in Brazil to be renewed in 1925 (in authors’ possession).Google Scholar
Momsen, Richard Paul, October 13, 1928a, business card with the announcement of the partnership between Momsen & Freeman with Daniel, Vitor D., and Robert D. Goytia in Argentina.Google Scholar
Momsen, Richard Paul, 1928b, business card with the announcement of the partnership with Mr. Walter Carlos Becker (in authors’ possession).Google Scholar
Momsen, Richard Paul, n.d., Momsen's curriculum vitae.Google Scholar
Roffer, Michael, June 24, 2014, e‐mail correspondence with New York Law School on the dates that Demarest attended.Google Scholar
Academia Brasileira de Letras. 2014. Academia Brasileira de Letras—Rodrigo Octavio Filho—Biografia. http://www.academia.org.br/abl/cgi/cgilua.exe/sys/start.htm?infoid=200&sid=322 (accessed June 18, 2014).Google Scholar
Almeida, Frederico de, and Nassar, Paulo André. 2012. The Ordem Dos Advogados Do Brazil and the Politics of Professional Regulation in Brazil. Paper presented at the 8th Encontro Da Associação Brasileira de Ciência Política, Gramado, Brazil, August 1–4.Google Scholar
Análise, Advocacia. 2013. Análise Advocacia 500: Os Escritório Mais Admirados do Brasil pelas Maiores Empresas. Análise Advocacia, August.Google Scholar
Baer, Werner. 2001. The Brazilian Economy: Growth and Development. Westport, CT: Praeger. Kindle Edition.Google Scholar
Barbosa, Denis Borges. 2010. Uma Introdução à Propriedade Intelectual. Rio de Janeiro: Editora Lúmen Juris.Google Scholar
Bauman, Jon R. 1999. Pioneering a Global Vision: The Story of Baker & McKenzie. Chicago, IL: Harcourt Professional Education Group.Google Scholar
Bourdieu, Pierre. 1985. The Social Space and the Genesis of Groups. Theory and Society 14 (6): 723–44.Google Scholar
Bourdieu, Pierre. 1986. “The Forms of Capital.” In Handbook of Theory and Research for the Sociology of Education, ed. Richardson, John, 241–58. New York: Greenwood.Google Scholar
Brazilian Business Review. 1959. Brazilian Business. Brazilian Business Review 39 (1–4), 26–46.Google Scholar
Castro, Carlos Roberto Siqueira. 2012. Proposta de Provimento Ao Conselho Federal Da Ordem Dos Advogados Do Brasil. http://s.conjur.com.br/dl/proposta‐siqueira‐castro‐advogados.pdf (accessed May 10, 2014).Google Scholar
Chevron. 2014. Brazil Fact Sheet. http://www.chevron.com/documents/pdf/brazilfactsheet.pdf (accessed June 15, 2014).Google Scholar
Cone, Sydney M. III. 1996. International Trade in Legal Services. New York: Little Brown.Google Scholar
Conjur. 2004. José Geraldo Garcia de Souza morre aos 88 anos de idade. http://www.conjur.com.br/2004‐jan‐15/jose_geraldo_garcia_souza_morre_aos_88_anos_idade (accessed June 20, 2014).Google Scholar
Cristo, Alessandro. 2013. Testemunha da História: ‘Primeira coisa que advogado deve fazer é estudar fora.’ http://www.conjur.com.br/2013‐mai‐05/entrevista‐naum‐rotenberg‐socio‐escritorio‐demarest‐advogados (accessed June 15, 2014).Google Scholar
Cruzeiro/Newmarc Intellectual Property. n.d. History of Patent and Trademark Protection in Brazil. http://www.newmarc.com.br/ingles/index.asp?p=informese.asp&m=000086 (accessed March 15, 2014).Google Scholar
Cunha, Luciana G., da Glória Bonelli, Maria, Luci de Oliveira, Fabiana, and da Silveira, Maria Natália B. 2007. Sociedades de Advogados e Tendências Profissionais. Revista Direito GV 3 (2): 111–38.Google Scholar
Demarest, Advogados. 2013. Demarest e Almeida: 65 Anos de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Empresarial, ed. Cavalcanti, Pedro. São Paulo: Demarest Advogados.Google Scholar
Dezalay, Yves, and Garth, Bryant. 1996. Dealing in Virtue: International Commercial Arbitration and the Construction of Transnational Legal Order. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Dezalay, Yves, and Garth, Bryant. 2002. The Internationalization of Palace Wars: Lawyers, Economists and the Contest to Transform Latin American States. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Dezalay, Yves, and Garth, Bryant. 2010. Asian Legal Revivals: Lawyers in the Shadow of Empire. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Economist. 2012. Intellectual Property in Brazil: Owning Ideas. http://www.economist.com/news/americas/21565606‐getting‐serious‐about‐patents‐owning‐ideas (accessed March 15, 2014).Google Scholar
Ferreira, Túlio Sérgio Henriques. 2012. O Antiamericanismo de Cátedra: Desenvolvimento E Nacionalismo No Brasil Na Década de 1950. PhD diss., Universidade de Brasília.Google Scholar
França, Andréa da Conceição Pires. 2009. Doutrina e legislação: Os bastidores da política dos militares no Brasil (1964–1985). Master's Thesis, Universidade de São Paulo.Google Scholar
Friedman, Lawrence M., and Perez‐Perdomo, Rogelio. 2003. Legal Culture in the Age of Globalization: Latin America and Latin Europe. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Galanter, Marc, and Palay, Thomas. 1991. Tournament of Lawyers: The Transformation of the Big Law Firm. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Garcia, & Advogados, Keener. 2014. História | Garcia & Keener Advogado. http://www.garciakeener.com.br/nossa‐historia/(accessed June 20, 2014).Google Scholar
Garth, Bryant. 2013. Crises, Crisis Rhetoric, and Competition in Legal Education: A Sociological Perspective on the (Latest) Crisis of the Legal Profession and Legal Education, Stanford Law & Policy Review 24 (2): 503–32.Google Scholar
Gonçalves Neto, Alfredo de Assis. 2005. Sociedade de Advogados. São Paulo: Lex.Google Scholar
Gray, Jeff. 2012. A Global Leader in a Time of Change. https://secure.globeadvisor.com/servlet/ArticleNews/story/gam/20120709/RBATTHETOPLEITEATL (accessed June 20, 2014).Google Scholar
Harter, Eugene C. 1987. A Colônia Perdida da Confederação: A Imigração Norte‐Americana para o Brasil após a Guerra de Secessão. Rio de Janeiro: Nórdica.Google Scholar
Herrlein, Ronaldo Jr. 2000. Desenvolvimento Industrial E Mercado de Trabalho No Rio Grande Do Sul: 1920–1950. Revista de Sociologia e Política 14:103–18.Google Scholar
Hunter, Floyd. 1953. Community Power Structure: A Study of Decision Makers. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press.Google Scholar
Ianni, Octavio. 2009. Estado e Planejamento Econômico no Brasil. Rio de Janeiro: Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro.Google Scholar
Jones, Ashby. 2010. For New Chairman, Baker & McKenzie Goes Brazilian. http://blogs.wsj.com/law/2010/06/03/for‐new‐chairman‐baker‐mckenzie‐goes‐brazilian/(accessed June 20, 2014).Google Scholar
Kaltwasser, Cristóbal Roviera. 2009. Towards a Historical Analysis of Elites in Latin America. Paper presented at the 21st World Congress of Political Science, Santiago, Chile, July 12–16.Google Scholar
Kay, Fiona, and Hagan, John. 1999. Cultivating Clients in the Competition for Partnership: Gender and the Organizational Restructuring of Law Firms in the 1990s. Law & Society Review 33:517–55.Google Scholar
Krishnan, Jayanth K. 2004. Professor Kingsfield Goes to Delhi: American Academics, the Ford Foundation, and the Development of Legal Education in India. American Journal of Legal History 46:447–99.Google Scholar
Krishnan, Jayanth K. 2010. Globetrotting Law Firms. Georgetown Journal of Legal Ethics 23 (1): 57–102.Google Scholar
Krishnan, Jayanth K. 2012. Academic SAILERS: The Ford Foundation and the Efforts to Shape Legal Education in Africa, 1957–1977. American Journal of Legal History 52:261–324.Google Scholar
Latin, Lawyer. 2013. Latin Lawyer 250: A Who's Who of Latin American Law Firms. London: Latin Lawyer.Google Scholar
Lawyers.com. 2014. Mr. U. Grant Keener Jr. http://www.lawyers.com/houston/texas/u‐grant‐keener‐jr‐664967‐a/(accessed June 10, 2014).Google Scholar
Liu, Sida. 2008. Globalization as Boundary‐Blurring: International and Local Law Firms in China's Corporate Law Market. Law & Society Review 42 (4): 771–804.Google Scholar
Malavota, Leandro. 2011. A Construção do Sistema de Patentes no Brasil: Um Olhar Histórico. Rio de Janeiro: Editora Lúmen Juris.Google Scholar
Matsuura, Lilian. 2009. Hogan Lovells Nasce em Maio com 2 mil Advogados. http://www.conjur.com.br/2009‐dez‐23/mercado‐juridico‐hogan‐lovells‐mil‐advogados‐40‐escritorios (accessed June 15, 2014).Google Scholar
Michels, Robert. 1962. Political Parties: A Sociological Study of the Oligarchical Tendencies of Modern Democracy. New York: Crowell‐Collier.Google Scholar
Migalhas. 2012. Pinheiro Neto Advogados Completa 70 Anos: História Iniciada por J. M. Pinheiro Neto em 1942 Marca Evolução da Advocacia. http://www.migalhas.com.br/Quentes/17,MI162304,41046‐Pinheiro+Neto+Advogados+completa+70+anos (accessed June 21, 2014).Google Scholar
Mills, Charles Wright. 1956. The Power Elite. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Momsen and Leonardos. 1994. Memorandum upon the Anniversary of 70 Years of Momsen & Leonardos. Unpublished paper (in authors’ possession).Google Scholar
Mosca, Gaetano. 1966. The Ruling Class. New York: McGraw‐Hill.Google Scholar
Onaga, Marcelo. 2007. A Vida Ficou Mais Dura no Escritório Demarest & Almeida. http://exame.abril.com.br/revista‐exame/edicoes/0896/noticias/a‐vida‐ficou‐mais‐dura‐m0132395 (accessed June 15, 2014).Google Scholar
Pareto, Vilfredo. 1963. The Mind and Society: A Treatise on General Sociology. New York: Harcourt, Brace and Company.Google Scholar
Perez‐Perdomo, Rogelio. 2006. Latin American Lawyers: A Historical Introduction. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Persky, Anna Stolley. 2011. Despite Globalization, Lawyers Find New Barriers to Practicing Abroad. ABA Journal, November 11. http://www.abajournal.com/magazine/article/the_new_world_despite_globalization_lawyers_find_new_barriers_to_practicing/.Google Scholar
Pinto, Lúcio Flávio. 1986. Jari, Toda a Verdade sobre o Projeto de Ludwig: As relações entre Estado e Multinacional na Amazônia. São Paulo: Editora Marco Zero.Google Scholar
Princeton Alumni Weekly. 1985. Memorials. Princeton Alumni Weekly 86 (7): 35.Google Scholar
Pritchard, John. 2013a. Brazil: Guide to Law Firms 2013. London: Legal 500, Kindle Edition.Google Scholar
Pritchard, John. 2013b. International Firms in Latin America: Guide to Law Firms 2013. London: Legal 500, Kindle Edition.Google Scholar
Pritchard, John. 2013c. UK Guide to Law Firms 2013: London. London: Legal 500, Kindle Edition.Google Scholar
Putnam, Robert D. 1976. The Comparative Study of Political Elites. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.Google Scholar
Schattschneider, Elmer Eric. 1960. The Semisovereign People: A Realist's View of Democracy in America. New York: Holt.Google Scholar
Silver, Carole. 2003. Regulatory Mismatch in the International Market for Legal Services. Northwestern Journal of International Law and Business. 23:487–550.Google Scholar
Silver, Carole. 2009. Educating Lawyers for the Global Economy: National Challenges. Georgetown Public Law Research Paper 1519387.Google Scholar
Silver, Carole. 2014. Globalization and the Monopoly of ABA‐Approved Law Schools: Missed Opportunities or Dodged Bullets? Fordham Law Review 82:2869–2902.Google Scholar
Skidmore, Thomas E. 1999. Brazil: Five Centuries of Change. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Stayton, Robert W. 1955. New Jersey & Maximum Standards. Texas Bar Journal 18:217–55.Google Scholar
Tauil, Ivan. 2011. Associação Com Escritório Estrangeiro Não É Uma Ameaça. http://www.conjur.com.br/2011‐out‐11/escritorios‐estrangeiros‐brasil‐nao‐sao‐ameaca‐contrario (accessed March 25, 2014).Google Scholar
Terry, Laurel S. 2012. Preserving the Rule of Law in the 21st Century: The Importance of Infrastructure and the Need to Create a Global Lawyer Regulatory Umbrella Organization. Michigan State Law Review 2012:735–68.Google Scholar
Terry, Laurel S. 2013. Transnational Legal Practice (International). The Year in Review. An Annual Publication of the ABA/Section of International Law 47:485–98.Google Scholar
Terry, Laurel S. 2014. Putting the Legal Profession's Monopoly on the Practice of Law in a Global Context. Fordham Law Review 82:2903–37.Google Scholar
Trubek, David M. 2011. Reforming Legal Education in Brazil: From the Ceped Experiment to the Law Schools at the Getulio Vargas Foundation. University of Wisconsin Legal Studies Research Paper 1180.Google Scholar
Vianna, Godofredo M. 2012. Discurso por Celebração dos 80 Anos do Escritório Kincaid | Mendes Vianna Advogados. Unpublished paper (in author's possession).Google Scholar
Vianna, Godofredo M., and Mendes Vianna Cardoso, Camilla. 2012. Interview by Infomarket. http://www.kincaid.com.br/b_noticias.php?id_noticia=967 (accessed May 14, 2014).Google Scholar
Vieira, João Pedro Gouvêa. 1989. João Pedro Gouvêa Vieira (depoimento). http://www.fgv.br/cpdoc/historal/arq/Entrevista245.pdf (accessed on June 12, 2014).Google Scholar
Wilkins, David B., and Papa, Mihaela. 2013. The Rise of the Corporate Legal Elite in the BRICS: Implications for Global Governance. Boston College Law Review 2013 (54): 1149–84.Google Scholar
Consolidação das Leis Trabalhistas of 1943. Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: Presidência da República.Google Scholar
Lei No. 4215 of 1963. Brasília, Brazil: Presidência da República.Google Scholar
Lei No. 8906 of 1994. Brasília, Brazil: Presidência da República.Google Scholar
Provimento No. 91 of 2000. Brasília, Brazil: Ordem dos Advogados do Brasil.Google Scholar
Boscoli, Altamiro, and Rotenberg, Naum, interview by all authors, February 13, 2014.Google Scholar
Carvalho, Lourdes, interview by two authors, February 27, 2014.Google Scholar
Demarest, Suzanne, interview by all authors, February 28, 2014.Google Scholar
Garland, Paul Griffith, interview by two authors, March 17, 2014.Google Scholar
Kincaid, Carl Jr., interview by all authors, March 13, 2014.Google Scholar
Leonardos, Maurício, interview by one author, April 7, 2014.Google Scholar
Momsen, Beatrice, interview by two authors, March 4, 2014.Google Scholar
Trubek, David, interview by one author, March 25, 2014.Google Scholar
Vianna, Godofredo Mendes, interview by all authors, February 27, 2014.Google Scholar
Boscoli, Altamiro, e‐mail message to authors, May 4, 2014.Google Scholar
Coelho da Rocha, Paulo, e‐mail message to authors, December 10, 2014 Google Scholar
Demarest, George, e‐mail message to authors, February 26, 2014.Google Scholar
Demarest, Kenneth, personal journal, January 14, 1947 (in authors’ possession).Google Scholar
Garavaglia, Barbara, e‐mail message to authors, June 19, 2014.Google Scholar
Garland, Paul Griffith, e‐mail message to authors, April 17, 2014.Google Scholar
George Washington University, Certificate of Attendance to Law School of Richard Paul Momsen, 1923 (in authors’ possession).Google Scholar
Huy, Chu, e‐mail message to authors, April 22, 2014.Google Scholar
Kincaid, Carl Jr., e‐mail message to authors, March 13, 2014.Google Scholar
Leonardos, Thomas Otton, February 25, 1964, correspondence to Dorothea Momsen (in authors’ possession).Google Scholar
Momsen, Richard Paul, October 31, 1912a, correspondence to the Voters of the Fourth Congressional District (in authors’ possession).Google Scholar
Momsen, Richard Paul, December 16, 1912b, correspondence to Wilbur J. Cary (in authors’ possession).Google Scholar
Momsen, Richard Paul, January 5, 1913, correspondence to Wilbur J. Cary (in authors’ possession).Google Scholar
Momsen, Richard Paul, January 2, 1918a, correspondence to Momsen's mother (in authors’ possession).Google Scholar
Momsen, Richard Paul, April 18, 1918b, correspondence to Wilbur J. Cary (in authors’ possession).Google Scholar
Momsen, Richard Paul, November 23, 1925a, business card with the announcement of the partnership with Mr. Simeon Harris (in authors’ possession).Google Scholar
Momsen, Richard Paul, 1925b, foreign trademarks registered in Brazil to be renewed in 1925 (in authors’ possession).Google Scholar
Momsen, Richard Paul, October 13, 1928a, business card with the announcement of the partnership between Momsen & Freeman with Daniel, Vitor D., and Robert D. Goytia in Argentina.Google Scholar
Momsen, Richard Paul, 1928b, business card with the announcement of the partnership with Mr. Walter Carlos Becker (in authors’ possession).Google Scholar
Momsen, Richard Paul, n.d., Momsen's curriculum vitae.Google Scholar
Roffer, Michael, June 24, 2014, e‐mail correspondence with New York Law School on the dates that Demarest attended.Google Scholar
Academia Brasileira de Letras. 2014. Academia Brasileira de Letras—Rodrigo Octavio Filho—Biografia. http://www.academia.org.br/abl/cgi/cgilua.exe/sys/start.htm?infoid=200&sid=322 (accessed June 18, 2014).Google Scholar
Almeida, Frederico de, and Nassar, Paulo André. 2012. The Ordem Dos Advogados Do Brazil and the Politics of Professional Regulation in Brazil. Paper presented at the 8th Encontro Da Associação Brasileira de Ciência Política, Gramado, Brazil, August 1–4.Google Scholar
Análise, Advocacia. 2013. Análise Advocacia 500: Os Escritório Mais Admirados do Brasil pelas Maiores Empresas. Análise Advocacia, August.Google Scholar
Baer, Werner. 2001. The Brazilian Economy: Growth and Development. Westport, CT: Praeger. Kindle Edition.Google Scholar
Barbosa, Denis Borges. 2010. Uma Introdução à Propriedade Intelectual. Rio de Janeiro: Editora Lúmen Juris.Google Scholar
Bauman, Jon R. 1999. Pioneering a Global Vision: The Story of Baker & McKenzie. Chicago, IL: Harcourt Professional Education Group.Google Scholar
Bourdieu, Pierre. 1985. The Social Space and the Genesis of Groups. Theory and Society 14 (6): 723–44.Google Scholar
Bourdieu, Pierre. 1986. “The Forms of Capital.” In Handbook of Theory and Research for the Sociology of Education, ed. Richardson, John, 241–58. New York: Greenwood.Google Scholar
Brazilian Business Review. 1959. Brazilian Business. Brazilian Business Review 39 (1–4), 26–46.Google Scholar
Castro, Carlos Roberto Siqueira. 2012. Proposta de Provimento Ao Conselho Federal Da Ordem Dos Advogados Do Brasil. http://s.conjur.com.br/dl/proposta‐siqueira‐castro‐advogados.pdf (accessed May 10, 2014).Google Scholar
Chevron. 2014. Brazil Fact Sheet. http://www.chevron.com/documents/pdf/brazilfactsheet.pdf (accessed June 15, 2014).Google Scholar
Cone, Sydney M. III. 1996. International Trade in Legal Services. New York: Little Brown.Google Scholar
Conjur. 2004. José Geraldo Garcia de Souza morre aos 88 anos de idade. http://www.conjur.com.br/2004‐jan‐15/jose_geraldo_garcia_souza_morre_aos_88_anos_idade (accessed June 20, 2014).Google Scholar
Cristo, Alessandro. 2013. Testemunha da História: ‘Primeira coisa que advogado deve fazer é estudar fora.’ http://www.conjur.com.br/2013‐mai‐05/entrevista‐naum‐rotenberg‐socio‐escritorio‐demarest‐advogados (accessed June 15, 2014).Google Scholar
Cruzeiro/Newmarc Intellectual Property. n.d. History of Patent and Trademark Protection in Brazil. http://www.newmarc.com.br/ingles/index.asp?p=informese.asp&m=000086 (accessed March 15, 2014).Google Scholar
Cunha, Luciana G., da Glória Bonelli, Maria, Luci de Oliveira, Fabiana, and da Silveira, Maria Natália B. 2007. Sociedades de Advogados e Tendências Profissionais. Revista Direito GV 3 (2): 111–38.Google Scholar
Demarest, Advogados. 2013. Demarest e Almeida: 65 Anos de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Empresarial, ed. Cavalcanti, Pedro. São Paulo: Demarest Advogados.Google Scholar
Dezalay, Yves, and Garth, Bryant. 1996. Dealing in Virtue: International Commercial Arbitration and the Construction of Transnational Legal Order. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Dezalay, Yves, and Garth, Bryant. 2002. The Internationalization of Palace Wars: Lawyers, Economists and the Contest to Transform Latin American States. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Dezalay, Yves, and Garth, Bryant. 2010. Asian Legal Revivals: Lawyers in the Shadow of Empire. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Economist. 2012. Intellectual Property in Brazil: Owning Ideas. http://www.economist.com/news/americas/21565606‐getting‐serious‐about‐patents‐owning‐ideas (accessed March 15, 2014).Google Scholar
Ferreira, Túlio Sérgio Henriques. 2012. O Antiamericanismo de Cátedra: Desenvolvimento E Nacionalismo No Brasil Na Década de 1950. PhD diss., Universidade de Brasília.Google Scholar
França, Andréa da Conceição Pires. 2009. Doutrina e legislação: Os bastidores da política dos militares no Brasil (1964–1985). Master's Thesis, Universidade de São Paulo.Google Scholar
Friedman, Lawrence M., and Perez‐Perdomo, Rogelio. 2003. Legal Culture in the Age of Globalization: Latin America and Latin Europe. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Galanter, Marc, and Palay, Thomas. 1991. Tournament of Lawyers: The Transformation of the Big Law Firm. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Garcia, & Advogados, Keener. 2014. História | Garcia & Keener Advogado. http://www.garciakeener.com.br/nossa‐historia/(accessed June 20, 2014).Google Scholar
Garth, Bryant. 2013. Crises, Crisis Rhetoric, and Competition in Legal Education: A Sociological Perspective on the (Latest) Crisis of the Legal Profession and Legal Education, Stanford Law & Policy Review 24 (2): 503–32.Google Scholar
Gonçalves Neto, Alfredo de Assis. 2005. Sociedade de Advogados. São Paulo: Lex.Google Scholar
Gray, Jeff. 2012. A Global Leader in a Time of Change. https://secure.globeadvisor.com/servlet/ArticleNews/story/gam/20120709/RBATTHETOPLEITEATL (accessed June 20, 2014).Google Scholar
Harter, Eugene C. 1987. A Colônia Perdida da Confederação: A Imigração Norte‐Americana para o Brasil após a Guerra de Secessão. Rio de Janeiro: Nórdica.Google Scholar
Herrlein, Ronaldo Jr. 2000. Desenvolvimento Industrial E Mercado de Trabalho No Rio Grande Do Sul: 1920–1950. Revista de Sociologia e Política 14:103–18.Google Scholar
Hunter, Floyd. 1953. Community Power Structure: A Study of Decision Makers. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press.Google Scholar
Ianni, Octavio. 2009. Estado e Planejamento Econômico no Brasil. Rio de Janeiro: Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro.Google Scholar
Jones, Ashby. 2010. For New Chairman, Baker & McKenzie Goes Brazilian. http://blogs.wsj.com/law/2010/06/03/for‐new‐chairman‐baker‐mckenzie‐goes‐brazilian/(accessed June 20, 2014).Google Scholar
Kaltwasser, Cristóbal Roviera. 2009. Towards a Historical Analysis of Elites in Latin America. Paper presented at the 21st World Congress of Political Science, Santiago, Chile, July 12–16.Google Scholar
Kay, Fiona, and Hagan, John. 1999. Cultivating Clients in the Competition for Partnership: Gender and the Organizational Restructuring of Law Firms in the 1990s. Law & Society Review 33:517–55.Google Scholar
Krishnan, Jayanth K. 2004. Professor Kingsfield Goes to Delhi: American Academics, the Ford Foundation, and the Development of Legal Education in India. American Journal of Legal History 46:447–99.Google Scholar
Krishnan, Jayanth K. 2010. Globetrotting Law Firms. Georgetown Journal of Legal Ethics 23 (1): 57–102.Google Scholar
Krishnan, Jayanth K. 2012. Academic SAILERS: The Ford Foundation and the Efforts to Shape Legal Education in Africa, 1957–1977. American Journal of Legal History 52:261–324.Google Scholar
Latin, Lawyer. 2013. Latin Lawyer 250: A Who's Who of Latin American Law Firms. London: Latin Lawyer.Google Scholar
Lawyers.com. 2014. Mr. U. Grant Keener Jr. http://www.lawyers.com/houston/texas/u‐grant‐keener‐jr‐664967‐a/(accessed June 10, 2014).Google Scholar
Liu, Sida. 2008. Globalization as Boundary‐Blurring: International and Local Law Firms in China's Corporate Law Market. Law & Society Review 42 (4): 771–804.Google Scholar
Malavota, Leandro. 2011. A Construção do Sistema de Patentes no Brasil: Um Olhar Histórico. Rio de Janeiro: Editora Lúmen Juris.Google Scholar
Matsuura, Lilian. 2009. Hogan Lovells Nasce em Maio com 2 mil Advogados. http://www.conjur.com.br/2009‐dez‐23/mercado‐juridico‐hogan‐lovells‐mil‐advogados‐40‐escritorios (accessed June 15, 2014).Google Scholar
Michels, Robert. 1962. Political Parties: A Sociological Study of the Oligarchical Tendencies of Modern Democracy. New York: Crowell‐Collier.Google Scholar
Migalhas. 2012. Pinheiro Neto Advogados Completa 70 Anos: História Iniciada por J. M. Pinheiro Neto em 1942 Marca Evolução da Advocacia. http://www.migalhas.com.br/Quentes/17,MI162304,41046‐Pinheiro+Neto+Advogados+completa+70+anos (accessed June 21, 2014).Google Scholar
Mills, Charles Wright. 1956. The Power Elite. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Momsen and Leonardos. 1994. Memorandum upon the Anniversary of 70 Years of Momsen & Leonardos. Unpublished paper (in authors’ possession).Google Scholar
Mosca, Gaetano. 1966. The Ruling Class. New York: McGraw‐Hill.Google Scholar
Onaga, Marcelo. 2007. A Vida Ficou Mais Dura no Escritório Demarest & Almeida. http://exame.abril.com.br/revista‐exame/edicoes/0896/noticias/a‐vida‐ficou‐mais‐dura‐m0132395 (accessed June 15, 2014).Google Scholar
Pareto, Vilfredo. 1963. The Mind and Society: A Treatise on General Sociology. New York: Harcourt, Brace and Company.Google Scholar
Perez‐Perdomo, Rogelio. 2006. Latin American Lawyers: A Historical Introduction. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Persky, Anna Stolley. 2011. Despite Globalization, Lawyers Find New Barriers to Practicing Abroad. ABA Journal, November 11. http://www.abajournal.com/magazine/article/the_new_world_despite_globalization_lawyers_find_new_barriers_to_practicing/.Google Scholar
Pinto, Lúcio Flávio. 1986. Jari, Toda a Verdade sobre o Projeto de Ludwig: As relações entre Estado e Multinacional na Amazônia. São Paulo: Editora Marco Zero.Google Scholar
Princeton Alumni Weekly. 1985. Memorials. Princeton Alumni Weekly 86 (7): 35.Google Scholar
Pritchard, John. 2013a. Brazil: Guide to Law Firms 2013. London: Legal 500, Kindle Edition.Google Scholar
Pritchard, John. 2013b. International Firms in Latin America: Guide to Law Firms 2013. London: Legal 500, Kindle Edition.Google Scholar
Pritchard, John. 2013c. UK Guide to Law Firms 2013: London. London: Legal 500, Kindle Edition.Google Scholar
Putnam, Robert D. 1976. The Comparative Study of Political Elites. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.Google Scholar
Schattschneider, Elmer Eric. 1960. The Semisovereign People: A Realist's View of Democracy in America. New York: Holt.Google Scholar
Silver, Carole. 2003. Regulatory Mismatch in the International Market for Legal Services. Northwestern Journal of International Law and Business. 23:487–550.Google Scholar
Silver, Carole. 2009. Educating Lawyers for the Global Economy: National Challenges. Georgetown Public Law Research Paper 1519387.Google Scholar
Silver, Carole. 2014. Globalization and the Monopoly of ABA‐Approved Law Schools: Missed Opportunities or Dodged Bullets? Fordham Law Review 82:2869–2902.Google Scholar
Skidmore, Thomas E. 1999. Brazil: Five Centuries of Change. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Stayton, Robert W. 1955. New Jersey & Maximum Standards. Texas Bar Journal 18:217–55.Google Scholar
Tauil, Ivan. 2011. Associação Com Escritório Estrangeiro Não É Uma Ameaça. http://www.conjur.com.br/2011‐out‐11/escritorios‐estrangeiros‐brasil‐nao‐sao‐ameaca‐contrario (accessed March 25, 2014).Google Scholar
Terry, Laurel S. 2012. Preserving the Rule of Law in the 21st Century: The Importance of Infrastructure and the Need to Create a Global Lawyer Regulatory Umbrella Organization. Michigan State Law Review 2012:735–68.Google Scholar
Terry, Laurel S. 2013. Transnational Legal Practice (International). The Year in Review. An Annual Publication of the ABA/Section of International Law 47:485–98.Google Scholar
Terry, Laurel S. 2014. Putting the Legal Profession's Monopoly on the Practice of Law in a Global Context. Fordham Law Review 82:2903–37.Google Scholar
Trubek, David M. 2011. Reforming Legal Education in Brazil: From the Ceped Experiment to the Law Schools at the Getulio Vargas Foundation. University of Wisconsin Legal Studies Research Paper 1180.Google Scholar
Vianna, Godofredo M. 2012. Discurso por Celebração dos 80 Anos do Escritório Kincaid | Mendes Vianna Advogados. Unpublished paper (in author's possession).Google Scholar
Vianna, Godofredo M., and Mendes Vianna Cardoso, Camilla. 2012. Interview by Infomarket. http://www.kincaid.com.br/b_noticias.php?id_noticia=967 (accessed May 14, 2014).Google Scholar
Vieira, João Pedro Gouvêa. 1989. João Pedro Gouvêa Vieira (depoimento). http://www.fgv.br/cpdoc/historal/arq/Entrevista245.pdf (accessed on June 12, 2014).Google Scholar
Wilkins, David B., and Papa, Mihaela. 2013. The Rise of the Corporate Legal Elite in the BRICS: Implications for Global Governance. Boston College Law Review 2013 (54): 1149–84.Google Scholar
Consolidação das Leis Trabalhistas of 1943. Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: Presidência da República.Google Scholar
Lei No. 4215 of 1963. Brasília, Brazil: Presidência da República.Google Scholar
Lei No. 8906 of 1994. Brasília, Brazil: Presidência da República.Google Scholar
Provimento No. 91 of 2000. Brasília, Brazil: Ordem dos Advogados do Brasil.Google Scholar