Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-wzw2p Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-05-22T11:04:27.384Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Understanding Words to Change Behaviour

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 January 2024

Margaret Elizabeth*
Affiliation:
Beeston Nottingham United Kingdom of Great Britain and North Ireland

Abstract

Why do people in churches exclude, alienate, and even abuse others? Acknowledging the need for many ways of addressing this question, insights from the study of language have been explored, creating a synthesis from the ways in which ideology and language are related, an adaptation of Judith Butler's exploration of our constitution in language, understandings within the discipline of psycholinguistics, and insights from Wittgenstein's philosophy of language. This synthesis shows how words to and for the divine influence our behaviour to each other and indicates that the traditional words of male hierarchy uphold an ideology that seeks to maintain power structures, with behaviours that exclude, alienate, and even abuse fitting within these structures. The synthesis demonstrates both the need for and possibility of change from the traditionally used words to and for the divine.

Type
Original Article
Copyright
Copyright © 2023 Provincial Council of the English Province of the Order of Preachers

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1 Mary, Daly, Beyond God the Father: Towards a Philosophy of Women's Liberation (London: The Women's Press Ltd, 1986Google Scholar).

2 Gina, MessinaWho is God?Feminism And Religion. 20 February 2019Google Scholar. For more examples see Margaret, Metcalfe, ‘How do words to and for the divine influence our behaviour to each other? Can these words be changed to contribute to the flourishing of all humankind?’ PhD, University of Winchester, (2020), pp. 7-26Google Scholar.

3 For example: Making Women Visible: The Use of Inclusive Language with the ASB. A Report by the Liturgical Commission. (1988). © The Central Board of Finance of the Church of England.

4 For example: A New Zealand Prayer Book / He Karakia Mihinare o Aotearoa. (1989) © The General Secretary, The Anglican Church in Aotearoa, New Zealand and Polynesia.

5 For example: Manon, Garcia, We Are Not Born Submissive: How Patriarchy Shapes Women's Lives (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2021)Google Scholar; Carol, Gilligan and Naomi, Snider, Why Does Patriarchy Persist? (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2018)Google Scholar; Caroline, Criado Perez, Invisible Women: Exposing Data Bias in a world designed for men (London: Random House UK, 2019)Google Scholar; Rebecca, Solnit, Men Explain Things to Me and Other Essays (London: Granta Books, 2014)Google Scholar.

6 van Dijk, Teun A., Ideology and Discourse: A multidisciplinary approach English version of an internet course for the Universitat Oberta de Catalunya, (2000)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

7 Butler, Judith, Excitable Speech: A Politics of the Performative (Abingdon: Routledge, 1997)Google Scholar.

8 Wittgenstein, Ludwig, Philosophical Investigations Hacker, Peter M. S. and Schulte, Joachim, eds., Translated by Anscombe, Gertrude E. M., Hacker, Peter M. S., and Schulte, Joachim. (Oxford: Blackwell Publishing 2009)Google Scholar.

9 Kennedy, Emmet“Ideology” from Destutt De Tracy to Marx’, Journal of the History of Ideas 40, 3, (1979), pp.353-68CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

10 Eagleton, Terry, Ideology: An Introduction London: Verso. 1991), p. 141Google Scholar.

11 van Dijk, , Ideology and Discourse, p. 8Google Scholar.

12 van Dijk, , Ideology and Discourse, p. 9Google Scholar.

13 van Dijk, Teun A., ‘Ideology and Discourse’, in Freeden, Michael, Sargent, Lyman Tower and Stears, Marc, eds., The Oxford Handbook of Political Ideologies (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013) p. 175Google Scholar.

14 Brown, Joanne Carlson and Bohn, Carole R., eds., Christianity, Patriarchy and Abuse: A Feminist Critique (Cleveland: The Pilgrim Press, 1989) p. xiiiGoogle Scholar; Hampson, Daphne, Theology and Feminism (Oxford: Basil Blackwell Ltd, 1990) p. 11Google Scholar; Fiorenza, Elizabeth Schüssler, Transforming Vision: Explorations in Feminist The*logy (Minneapolis: Augsberg Press, 2011), p. 102.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

15 Althusser, Louis, ‘Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses (Notes towards an Investigation)’ in Althusser, Louis, Lenin and Philosophy and Other Essays. Translated by Brewster, Ben (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1971) pp. 127-186Google Scholar.

16 Butler, Excitable Speech, p. 2.

17 Ibid., pp. 1-42.

18 Metcalfe, ‘How do words to and for the divine influence our behaviour to each other?’, p. 142.

19 Silkes, JoAnn P. and Rogers, Margaret A., ‘Masked Priming Effects in Aphasia: Evidence of Altered Automatic Spreading Activation’, Journal of Speech, Language and Hearing Research 55 (2012), pp. 1613-25CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed.

20 Lupker, Stephen J., ‘Representation and processing of lexically ambiguous words’ in Gaskell, Gareth M., ed., The Oxford Handbook of Psycholinguistics (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009), pp. 159-174Google Scholar.

21 Kapatsinski, Viktor, ‘Frequency of Use Leads to Automaticity of Production: Evidence from Repair in Conversation’, Language and Speech 53 (2010), p. 72Google Scholar.

22 Lerner, Itamar, Bentin, Shlomo and Shriki, Oren, ‘Spreading activation in an attractor network with latching dynamics: automatic semantic priming revisited’, Cognitive Science 36, 8 (2012), p. 1341CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

23 For example, within theology: McFague, Sallie, Metaphorical Theology: Models of God in Religious Language (Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 1982)Google Scholar; Soskice, Janet Martin, Metaphor and Religious Language (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1985)Google Scholar; and within cognitive linguistics Lakoff, George and Johnson, Mark, The Metaphors We Live By (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 2003)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

24 Giora, Rachel, ‘On the priority of salient meanings: Studies of literal and figurative language’, Journal of Pragmatics 31 (1999), pp. 919-29CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

25 Glucksberg, Sam, ‘The psycholinguistics of metaphor’, Trends in Cognitive Sciences 7 (2003), pp. 92-96CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed.

26 Kerr, Fergus, Theology after Wittgenstein (London: SPCK, 1997)Google Scholar; Labron, Tim, Wittgenstein and Theology (London: T&T Clark, 2009)Google Scholar; Hallett, Garth, Theology within the bounds of language: A methodological tour (New York: State University of New York 2011)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

27 Wittgenstein, Philosophical Investigations, #198.

28 Ibid, #432

29 Butler Excitable Speech, p. 10; Wittgenstein, Philosophical Investigations, #12; Barnes, Scott E., Candlin, Christopher N. and Ferguson, Alison, ‘Aphasia and topic initiation in conversation: A case study’, International Journal of Language and Communication Disorders 48, 1 (2013), pp. 102-114CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed.

30 Wittgenstein, Philosophical Investigations, #422.

31 Representative understandings of language are epitomised by the Logical Atomism of the early work of Russell and Wittgenstein.

32 Crossley, Nick, Key Concepts in Critical Social Theory (London: Sage Publishing, 2006), p. 148Google Scholar.

33 The Archbishops’ Council, Common Worship: Services and Prayers for the Church of England. (London: Church House Publishing, 2000)Google Scholar.

34 Sykes, Stephen and Booty, John, The Study of Anglicanism (London: SPCK, 1988), p. 274Google Scholar.

35 For further detail see Metcalfe, ‘How do words to and for the divine influence our behaviour to each other?’, p. 41.

36 Further detail is presented in Elizabeth, Margaret, ‘Lex orandi est lex credendi? The God of Anglican liturgy’, New Blackfriars 97 (2016), pp. 52-73CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

37 This network was constructed from the liturgical text for Holy Communion with Thanksgiving Prayer A from Common Worship. The Archbishops’ Council, (2000).

38 For a critique and suggestion regarding the divine and power see Heyward, Carter, Our Passion for Justice: Images of Power, Sexuality and Liberation. (New York: The Pilgrim Press, 1984), p. 244Google Scholar.

39 While these uses can be seen in the liturgical texts, further demonstration of this claim can be found in Metcalfe, ‘How do words to and for the divine influence our behaviour to each other?’, pp. 351-357.

40 ‘Many Christians do seem to regard their God-language as directly describing God’. Wren, Brian, What Language Shall I Borrow? God-Talk in Worship: A Male Response to Feminist Theology (London: SCM Press, 1989), p. 108Google Scholar. While not the only reason for a belief that the divine is our father, reactions to challenges to word use indicate the significance of understandings of how words gain meaning.

41 Farley, Margaret, ‘New Patterns of Relationship: Beginnings of a Moral Revolution’, Theological Studies 36, 4 (1975), pp. 627-46CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

42 LaCugna, Catherine, God For Us: The Trinity and Christian Life (New York: Harper Collins, 1993)Google Scholar.

43 Shercliff, Elizabeth, Preaching Women: gender, power and the pulpit (London: SCM Press, 2019)Google Scholar.

44 For example, Emswiler, Sharon Neufer and Emswiler, Thomas Neufer, Women and Worship: A Guide to Nonsexist Hymns, Prayers and Liturgies. (San Francisco: Harper and Row Publishers, 1984)Google Scholar; Christ, Carol, Laughter of Aphrodite: Reflections on A Journey To The Goddess (San Francisco: Harper and Row, 1987)Google Scholar; Eiesland, Nancy, The Disabled God: Toward a Liberatory Theology of Disability (Nashville: Abingdon Press, 1994)Google Scholar; Coleman, Monica, Making a Way Out of No Way; a womanist theology (Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 2008)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Grenfell-Muir, Trelawny, ‘My Church won't let me call the divine “Father”’. Feminism And Religion, 6 July 2018Google Scholar; Messina, Gina, ‘Who is God?Feminism And Religion, 20 February 2019Google Scholar; Cleveland, Christena, God is a Black Woman. (New York: Harper Collins Publishers, 2022)Google Scholar.

45 Butler, Excitable Speech, p. 17.

46 Gross, Rita, ‘Female God language in a Jewish context’, in Christ, Carol P. and Plaskow, Judith, eds., Womanspirit Rising: A Feminist Reader in Religion (San Francisco: Harper Row Publishers, 1979), pp. 167-73Google Scholar; Lerner, Gerda, The Creation of Patriarchy (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1986) p. 9Google Scholar; Hampson, Daphne, Theology and Feminism (Oxford: Basil Blackwell Ltd, 1990)Google Scholar.

47 Oddie, William, What Will Happen to God? Feminism and the Reconstruction of Christian Belief (San Francisco: Ignatius Press, 1988)Google Scholar; Kimel, Alvin F. Jr., Speaking the Christian God: The Holy Trinity and the Challenge of Feminism (Grand Rapids: Wm B Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1992)Google Scholar; Martin, Francis, The Feminist Question: Feminist Theology in the light of Christian Tradition (Edinburgh: T&T Clark Ltd, 1994)Google Scholar.

48 van Dijk, Ideology and Discourse, p. 176.

49 van Dijk, Ideology and Discourse, p. 9.

50 Butler, Excitable Speech, p. 34, p. 41.

51 Butler, Excitable Speech, p. 34.

52 For example, McFague, Metaphorical Theology; Daly, Beyond God the Father; Heyward, Carter, The Redemption of God: A Theology of Mutual Relation (Washington: University Press of America, 1982)Google Scholar; Tillich, Paul, Systematic Theology Volume 1 (London: SCM Press, 1978)Google Scholar; Johnson, Elizabeth, She Who Is: The Mystery of God in Feminist Theological Discourse. (New York: Crossroad Publishing Company, 1999)Google Scholar.

53 Butler, Judith, Gender Trouble (Abingdon: Routledge, 2007), p. 36Google Scholar.

54 Lease, Gary, ‘Ideology’, in Braun, Willi and McCutcheon, Russell eds., Guide to the Study of Religion (London: T&T Clark, 2000), p. 444Google Scholar.

55 Wittgenstein, Ludwig, Culture and Value, von Wright, Georg Henrik, ed., Translated by Winch, Peter, (Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 1980) p. 48Google Scholar.

56 Logan, Gordon, ‘On the Ability to Inhibit Complex Movements: A Stop-Signal Study of Typewriting’, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 8, 6 (1982), p. 729Google Scholar.; Heredia, Roberto and Blumentritt, Tracie, ‘On-line Processing of Social Stereotypes During Spoken Language ComprehensionExperimental Psychology (formerly Zeitschrift für Experimentelle Psychologie) 49, 3 (2002), p. 209Google ScholarPubMed.

57 Thoughts towards a methodology for change are offered in Elizabeth, Margaret, ‘Finding Words of Abundant Life: Insights from Psycholinguistics’, Feminist Theology 25, 3 (2017), pp. 273-292CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

58 Racism: Stephen Day, ‘From Lament to Action: The Report of the Archbishops’ Antiracism Taskforce’ (2021); McDonald, Chine, God is Not a White Man and other revelations (London: Hodder & Stoughton, 2021)Google Scholar; Cleveland, God is a Black Woman. Heterosexism: Ozanne, Jayne, ‘Annie's Story – “I did my best to conform but…”ViaMedia.News (25 May 2021)Google Scholar. Jacobs, Naomi Lawson, ‘The Upside Down Kingdom of God: Stories of Disabled and Neurodivergent Christians in Churches’, PhD, University of London, (2019)Google Scholar.

59 Lossky, Vladimir, The Mystical Theology of the Eastern Church (New York: St Vladimir's Seminary Press, 1991), p. 80CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

60 Ji-Sun Kim, Grace and Shaw, Susan M., Intersectional Theology: An Introductory Guide (Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 2018)Google Scholar.

61 Daly, Beyond God the Father.

62 McFague, Metaphorical Theology.

63 Johnson, She Who Is.

64 McIntosh, Esther, ‘The Possibility of a Gender-Transcendent God: Taking Macmurray Forward’, Feminist Theology 15, 2 (2007), pp. 236-255CrossRefGoogle Scholar.