Linear and nonlinear effects of electron paramagnetic resonance in high-Q cryogenic sapphire microwave resonators

Daniel L. Creedon; Karim Benmessai; Warwick P. Bowen; Michael E. Tobar

doi:10.1117/12.912115

6 February 2012 Linear and nonlinear effects of electron paramagnetic resonance in high-Q cryogenic sapphire microwave resonators

Daniel L. Creedon, Karim Benmessai, Warwick P. Bowen, Michael E. Tobar

Author Affiliations +

Proceedings Volume 8236, Laser Resonators, Microresonators, and Beam Control XIV; 82361R (2012) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.912115
Event: SPIE LASE, 2012, San Francisco, California, United States

Abstract

Cryogenic sapphire resonators operating in Whispering Gallery Modes have very high Q-factors (> 10⁹) at microwave frequencies . Such a property makes them useful for a host of applications, which are only possible due to the additional inclusion of residual paramagnetic impurities that annul the frequency-temperature dependence of sapphire. More recently, residual Fe³⁺ impurities with parts-per-billion concentration within the lattice have been shown to create a three level system corresponding to the spin states of the ion. By pumping at 31.3 GHz, a stable 12.04 GHz maser signal (stability of parts in 10¹4) has been created without any stabilization circuitry. In addition, we have observed the fundamental thermal noise limit near 4 K by operating such masers in a bimodal conguration. Annealing one resonator in air has led to conversion of Fe²⁺ ions in the lattice to Fe³⁺, leading to an orders of magnitude increase in active ion concentration. At the post-annealing Fe³⁺ concentration of 150 ppb , we observe nonlinear eects such as a degenerate four-wave mixing due to a _χ⁽³⁾ magnetic nonlinearity as well as stable frequency comb generation.

Citation Download Citation

Daniel L. Creedon, Karim Benmessai, Warwick P. Bowen, and Michael E. Tobar "Linear and nonlinear effects of electron paramagnetic resonance in high-Q cryogenic sapphire microwave resonators", Proc. SPIE 8236, Laser Resonators, Microresonators, and Beam Control XIV, 82361R (6 February 2012); https://doi.org/10.1117/12.912115

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