Abstract
Protostomia and Deuterostomia as coelomic animals have a deterministic (mosaic) and regulatory development. The embryogenesis of Protostomia has no tendency toward regulation, which, however, is well developed in Deuterostomia. In our works, the ability to regulate the development of echinoderms, including the effect of gravitational fields on embryos, has been investigated. After centrifugation of sea urchin zygotes, in some cases the blastula is split in half and identical twins develop. The frequency of twins correlates with the cortex rigidity, which is determined by the organization of the cortical cytoskeleton of eggs and embryos. Twins do not form after centrifugation of zygotes in chiton and bivalve mollusks, but in some cases polyembryonic elements develop. Unlike sea urchins, the cortical cytoskeleton in mollusks is finally formed in ovogenesis and is not rearranged during fertilization. The morphogenetic role of the cortex of eggs and embryos in the regulatory development of Deuterostomia and the deterministic (mosaic) development of Protostomia is discussed.
Similar content being viewed by others
REFERENCES
Animal Cell Culture. Cell Engeneering, Al-Rubeai, M., Ed., Switzerland: Springer, 2015, 9th ed. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-10320-4_21
Basic Cell Culture, Davis, J.M., Ed., Oxford Univ. Press. 2002, 2nd ed.
Bearer, E.L., Cytoskeleton in development, Curr. Top. Dev. Biol., 1992, vol. 26, pp. 1–7.
Becker, K.A. and Hart, N.H., Reorganization of filamentous actin and myosin-II in zebrafish eggs correlates temporally and spatially with cortical granule exocytosis, J. Cell Sci., 1999, vol. 112, pp. 97–110.
Butler, M., Animal Cell Culture and Technology, London: Taylor Francis Group, 2003–2004. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203427835
Cai, X. and Zhang, Y., Marine invertebrate cell culture: a decade of development, J. Oceanogr., 2014, vol. 70, pp. 405–414. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10872-014-0242-8
Davidson, E., Deistvie genov v rannem razvitii (Effect of Genes in Early Development), Moscow: Mir, 1972.
Driesch, H., Die isolirten blastomeren des echinidenkeimes, Arch. Entwicklungsmech. Organismen, 1900, vol. 10, pp. 361–384.
Drozdov, A.L., Cortical cytoskeleton of unfertilized and fertilized eggs of Mactra chinensis, Tsitologiya, 1989, vol. 31, pp. 652–656.
Drozdov, A.L. and Svyatogor, G.P., Morphogenetic role of the cortex in the development of twins in sea urchins, Ontogenez, 1987, vol. 18, pp. 540–546.
Drozdov, A.L. and Svyatogor, G.P., Development of centrifuged eggs of the giant oyster, Mactra chinensis, and chiton, Ontogenez, 1989, vol. 20, pp. 135–140.
Drozdov, A.L., Isaeva, V.V., and Podgornaya, O.I., Cortical cytoskeleton of unfertilized and fertilized sea urchin eggs, Tsitologiya, 1987, vol. 29, pp. 267–272.
Freshney, R., I, Culture of Animal Cells. A Manual of Basic Technique and Spezialized Applications, Wiley-Blackwell, 2010. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470649367
Geertje, A.U., Hara, K., Koster, C.H., and Kirschner, M.W., Evidence for a functional role of the cytoskeleton in determination of the dorsoventral axis in Xenopus laevis eggs, J. Embryol. Exp. Morphol., 1983, vol. 77, pp. 15–37.
Harvey, E.B., A new method of producing twins, triplets and quadruplets in Arbacia punctulata and their development, Biol. Bull., 1940, vol. 78, pp. 202–216.
Isaeva, V.V., On the morphogenetic role of the cortical cytoskeleton and the plasma membrane of the ovum, Tsitologiya, 1984, vol. 26, pp. 5–13.
Kirschner, M.W. and Gerhart, J.C., Spatial and temporal changes in the amphibian egg, Bio Sci., 1981, vol. 31, pp. 381–388.
Korochkin, L.I., Vzaimodeistvie genov v razvitii (Interaction of Genes in Development), Moscow: Nauka, 1977.
Levin, V.L., On the problem of determinants functioning at the first stages of somatogenesis in Drosophila, Tsitologiya, 1982, vol. 24, pp. 604–609.
Levin, V.L. and Shvartsman, P.Ya., New data on cell determination in the development of Drosophila (literature review), Tsitologiya, 1980, vol. 22, pp. 1259–1283.
Loeb, J., Ober chemichen Bedingungen fur die Entstehumg einluger Zwiliinge beim Seeigel, Entwicklungsmech. Organismen, 1909, vol. 27, pp. 119–140.
Potts, R.W.A., Gutierrez, A.P., Cortes-Araya, Y., Houston, R.D., and Bean, T.P., Developments in marine invertebrate primary culture reveal novel cell morphologies in the model bivalve Crassostrea gigas, Peer J., 2020, vol. 8, p. 9180. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.9180
Presnov, E.V. and Isaeva, V.V., Perestroiki topologii pri morfogeneze (Rearrangements of Topology during Morphogenesis), Moscow: Nauka, 1985.
Raven, X., Oogenez: nakoplenie morfogeneticheskoi informatsii (Oogenesis: Accumulation of Morphogenetic Information), Moscow: Mir, 1964.
Santella, L., Limatola, N., and Chun, J.T., Actin cytoskeleton and fertilization in starfish eggs, in Sexual Reproduction in Animals and Plants, Sawada, H., Inoue, N., and Iwano, M., Eds., Springer Open, 2014, ch. 13, pp. 141–156. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-54589-7_13
Sardet, C., Speksnijder, J., Inoue, S., and Jaffe, L., Fertilization and ooplasmic movements in the ascidian egg, Development, 1989, vol. 105, pp. 237–249.
Sawada, T., How ooplasm segregates bipolarly in ascidian eggs, Bull. Mar. Biol. Station, Asamushi: Tohoku Univ., 1983, vol. 17, pp. 123–140.
Sawada, T. and Osanai, K., The cortical contraction related to the ooplasmic segregation in Ciona intestinalis eggs, W. Boux’s Arch. Dev. Biol., 1984, vol. 190, pp. 208–214.
Shimizu, T., Cytoskeletal mechanisms of ooplasmic segregation in annelid eggs, Int. J. Dev. Biol., 1999, vol. 43, pp. 11–18.
Schroeder, T.E., Expressions of the prefertilization polar axis in sea urchin eggs, Dev. Biol., 1980, vol. 79, pp. 428–443.
Singer, R.H., The cytoskeleton and mRNA localization, Curr. Opin. Cell Biol., 1992, vol. 4, pp. 15–19.
Speksnijder, J.E., Christian, SardetCh., and Jaffe, L.F., The activation wave of calcium in the ascidian egg and its role in ooplasmic segregation, J. Cell Biol., 1990, vol. 110, pp. 1589–1598.
Wessells, N.K., A catalogue of processes responsible for metazoan morphogenesis, Life Sci. Res. Rep., 1982, vol. 22, pp. 115–154.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
The author declares that he has no conflict of interest. This article does not contain any studies involving animals or human participants performed by the author.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Drozdov, A.L. Cytological Bases of Regulatory Development in Echinoderms and Determination in Mollusks. Biol Bull Russ Acad Sci 48, 530–535 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1134/S1062359021040063
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1134/S1062359021040063