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Ultrastructural and gene-expression changes in the calcium regulation system of rat skeletal muscles under exhausting exercise

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Abstract

The expression of genes responsible for the synthesis of essential proteins regulating the calcium-ion balance and ultrastructural characteristics of fast-twitch (m. extensor digitorum longus, EDL) and slow-twitch (m. soleus, SOL) skeletal muscles under prolonged exercise were studied in an experimental model of forced-swimming rats. A day after the end of the exercise, no significant changes in any of the five investigated genes were revealed in the SOL. A few triad elements (T-tubules and cisternae of sarcoplasmic reticulum) were revealed. A small number of excitation-contraction coupling (ECC) structures in the control and a slight increase in their amount after exercises were noticed. Polymorphism and mitochondrial defects within SOL muscles indicate the importance of these structures in the regulation of calcium balance. In EDL muscles, adaptation mechanisms are aimed mainly at pumping Ca2+ ions to the sarcoplasmic reticulum, where the main calcium buffer is calsequestrin. Expression of SERCA1 gene increased by an order of magnitude, and that of CASQ1 increased by three times. Electron microscopy showed a major role of triads in the maintenance of calcium homeostasis in the EDL muscles, as well as a greater destruction of these muscles compared to SOL after exhausting exercise. The high level of triads and a possible activation of the CICR (calcium-induced calcium release) mechanism in fast-twitch muscles can cause damage to them during exhausting exercise. Adaptation of SOL muscles is associated with structural rearrangements of the mitochondrial apparatus, while adaptation of the EDL muscles is caused by calcium removal from the sarcoplasm with Ca-ATPase and its retention in the sarcoplasmic reticulum by calsequestrin.

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Abbreviations

ROS:

reactive oxygen species

DHPR:

dihydropyridine receptors

RT-qPCR:

real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction

RYR:

ryanodine receptor

SR:

sarcoplasmic reticulum

EMC:

electromechanical coupling

CICR:

Ca2+-induced Ca2+ release

DICR:

depolarization-induced Ca2+ release

EDL:

m. extensor digitorum longus (fast (white) skeletal muscles)

SOL:

m. soleus (slow (red) skeletal muscles)

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, 194223, Russia

    E. A. Korf, I. V. Kubasov, A. V. Novozhilov, E. V. Matrosova, T. V. Tavrovskaya & N. V. Goncharov

  2. Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, 194064, Russia

    M. S. Vonsky, A. L. Runov & E. V. Kurchakova

  3. Research Institute of Hygiene, Occupational Pathology and Human Ecology, St. Petersburg, 188663, Russia

    N. V. Goncharov

Authors
  1. E. A. Korf
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  2. I. V. Kubasov
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  3. M. S. Vonsky
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  4. A. V. Novozhilov
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  5. A. L. Runov
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  6. E. V. Kurchakova
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  7. E. V. Matrosova
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  8. T. V. Tavrovskaya
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  9. N. V. Goncharov
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Correspondence to N. V. Goncharov.

Additional information

Original Russian Text © E.A. Korf, I.V. Kubasov, M.S. Vonsky, A.V. Novozhilov, A.L. Runov, E.V. Kurchakova, E.V. Matrosova, T.V. Tavrovskaya, N.V. Goncharov, 2017, published in Tsitologiya, 2017, Vol. 59, No. 6, pp. 434–446.

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Korf, E.A., Kubasov, I.V., Vonsky, M.S. et al. Ultrastructural and gene-expression changes in the calcium regulation system of rat skeletal muscles under exhausting exercise. Cell Tiss. Biol. 11, 371–380 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1134/S1990519X17050030

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