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Abstract
Objective The aim of this study was to assess the knowledge and practice of health workers about multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) prevention and control.
Study design and settings A cross-sectional study was conducted at Gondar University Referral Hospital and Felege Hiwot Referral Hospital.
Participants Randomly selected health workers (ie, medical doctor, nurse, health officer, pharmacy, medical laboratory and midwifery) were the study participants.
Outcome measures The main outcomes were knowledge and self-reported practice of health workers about MDR-TB.
Results A total of 377 health workers (with a response rate of 93.7%) participated in the study. The majority of respondents were nurses (52.5%, n=198) and medical doctors (15.6%, n=59). The mean knowledge score was seven out of 10; 149 (39.5%) of respondents scored seven or more which was considered as good knowledge. MDR-TB knowledge of health workers was significantly associated with having a postgraduate degree (adjusted odds ratio (AOR)=5.78; 95% CI 2.33 to 14.33), taking infection prevention training (AOR=1.79; 95% CI 1.00, to 3.17) and having a history of tuberculosis (TB) (AOR=1.85; 95% CI 1.12, to 3.03). The mean self-reported practice score was four out of seven; one-fifth (19.6%) of respondents scored four or more which was considered as good practice. Self-reported practice of health workers was significantly associated with working at internal medicine (AOR=4.64; 95% CI 1.99, to 10.81) and paediatrics (AOR=3.85; 95% CI 1.11, to 13.34) wards, being in the age groups of 26–30 years (AOR=2.70; 95% CI 1.27, to 5.76), and 30 years and above (AOR=4.42; 95% CI 1.77, to 11.00).
Conclusions This study found low knowledge and self-reported practice score among health workers. MDR-TB knowledge of health workers was significantly associated with educational status, infection prevention training and previous history of TB. This finding highlights the potential of providing MDR-TB training for health workers to increase their knowledge about MDR-TB.
- tuberculosis
- public health
- epidemiology
- infection control
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Strengths and limitations of this study
This study is the first to explore the knowledge and practice of health workers regarding multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in two large referral hospitals in Ethiopia.
The participants were selected randomly among different health workers such as medical doctor, nurses, health officer, pharmacy, medical laboratory and midwifery.
There is a possibility that health workers may not report their actual practices as the information was self-reported.
The findings from this study may not be generalisable to health workers in other hospitals in the country.
Introduction
Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) is defined as tuberculosis (TB) that is resistant to at least isoniazid and rifampin, the two most effective first-line TB drugs.1 The emergence of MDR-TB is a major public health problem and is an obstacle for national and global TB control programmes.2 Globally, nearly half a million people are estimated to have MDR-TB annually, and only one-fourth of them get adequate treatment.3–5 In 2016, there were an estimated 490 000 new cases of MDR-TB and approximately 240 000 deaths from MDR-TB.6 7 Treatment for MDR-TB has substantially longer duration, higher costs and more toxicity than the treatment for drug-susceptible TB.8
MDR-TB occurs in patients either due to the development of drug resistance during a course of first-line TB treatment (ie, acquired MDR-TB)9 or due to the transmission of a drug-resistant strain from an infectious patient to a susceptible host (ie, primary MDR-TB).10 Acquired MDR-TB occurs as a result of sub-optimal first-line TB treatment related to healthcare providers or patient factors.11 12 There is increasing evidence that primary MDR-TB is common and that many patients with MDR-TB had it from the start of treatment.13–15 Inadequate knowledge and poor practice of health professional towards the prevention and control of MDR-TB may exacerbate the transmission of MDR-TB in healthcare settings.9 Health workers have the potential to contact with MDR-TB patients and are very important stakeholders in healthcare settings to combat MDR-TB. Previous studies have been conducted to assess the knowledge and practices of health workers towards the prevention and control of TB.16–20 However, there is a limited study regarding the knowledge and practices of health workers about the prevention and control of MDR-TB in Ethiopia.
Ethiopia is one of 30 high TB and MDR-TB burden countries.21 The incidence of TB has decreased over time in Ethiopia following the implementation of different interventions, including the delivery of TB care by health extension workers and the expansion of directly observed therapies.22 23 However, the number of MDR-TB cases has increased over time and has become a challenge for the national TB control and prevention programme.23 24 Assessing the knowledge and practice of health workers on MDR-TB, and identifying factors associated with inadequate knowledge and low practice are important for the prevention and control of MDR-TB. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the knowledge and self-reported practice of health works related to MDR-TB and to identify factors associated with inadequate knowledge and low self-reported practice of health workers toward the prevention and control of MDR-TB in Amhara region referral hospitals, Ethiopia.
Methods
Study design and setting
This was a cross-sectional study conducted from March to May 2014 among health workers in Amhara regional referral hospitals. Amhara region is the second largest region in Ethiopia. The region has five referral hospitals, and the study was conducted in two (randomly selected) of these five referral hospitals: Gondar University Referral Hospital and Felege Hiwot Referral Hospital. During the study period, Amhara region referral hospitals have 304 medical doctors, 3790 nurses, 434 public health officer and 287 midwiferies. TB is the leading cause of death among an infectious disease in the region.25 TB detection rate (all forms), which is defined as the number of new and relapse TB cases notified in a given year, divided by the estimated number of incident TB cases for the same year, was 34% in Amhara region.25
Gondar University Hospital is the oldest hospital in the country which is located in Gondar, 750 km northwest of Addis Ababa (the capital city of Ethiopia). It provides healthcare services for a catchment population of approximately 5 million people in North Gondar and the adjacent zones. The hospital established the MDR-TB treatment centre in 2010 and it had around 80 MDR-TB patients during the data collection period.
Felege Hiwot Referral Hospital is located in Bahir Dar (the capital city of Amhara National Regional State), 562 km northwest of Addis Ababa and 180 km southeast of Gondar. The hospital serves a catchment population of more than 5 million and about 500 clients visit the hospital daily. The hospital has 273 beds and offers different specialised services in four major departments: Pediatric, Surgery, Gynecology and Obstetrics and Internal Medicine.
Sample size and sampling procedures
The sample size for this study was determined using single population proportion formula, by taking the following assumptions: margin of error (5%), expected response rate (5%) and CI (95%). There was no study in Ethiopia that showed the prevalence of good knowledge or practice of health workers about MDR-TB. Therefore, to allow for maximum variation, we took a prevalence of 50%. Based on these assumptions, the final sample size was 402. To select the study participant random sampling technique was used. First, two of the five referral hospitals in Amhara region were selected randomly (ie, Gondar University Referral Hospital and Felege Hiwot Referral Hospital). Then the sample size was proportionally allocated to these hospitals based on their number of health workers. The list of health workers (ie, sampling frame) was obtained from the office of human resource of each hospital. Finally, the sample was selected from each hospital by simple random sampling technique. The sample includes a medical doctor, nurse, health officer, pharmacy, medical laboratory and midwifery. Those health workers who were temporarily employed in the hospitals were excluded from the study.
Data collection instrument
The questionnaire for this study was developed by the research team based on the Ethiopia Programmatic Management of Drug-resistant Tuberculosis Guideline 2013,26 the 2014 WHO Guidelines for the Programmatic Management of Drug-resistant Tuberculosis27 and previous studies.28–32 The details of the questionnaire are available as an additional file in the online supplementary appendix. The questionnaire contains the following section: socio-demographic profile of the participants (such as age, sex, marital status, level of education, years of experience, type of occupation) and questions about knowledge and practice of health workers about MDR-TB. Knowledge of health workers was assessed based on the number of correct answers provided to 10 closed-ended questions (ie, multiple choice, yes/no and true/false) on the definition, cause, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of MDR-TB. Each attracts a score of 1 (for a correct answer) or 0 (for a wrong answer). The knowledge score was calculated for each study participants by summing up the points of all questions and the score ranging from 0 to 10. Then knowledge score was categorised into good and poor score if it is equal to or above the mean and below the mean, respectively. Similarly, the self-reported practice of health workers about MDR-TB prevention and control was assessed by seven questions. The practice questions were about access to the MDR-TB guideline, implementation of cross ventilation in the hospital, provision of health education to the patients about MDR-TB, and access and use of Masks N95. If there was a self-reported practice earned a score of 1 otherwise 0. Participants who scored equal to or above the mean were considered as having a good practice and below the mean considered as a poor practice.
Supplemental material
To improve the adequacy, accuracy and appropriateness of the questionnaire content and face validation was performed. Prior to the main survey, the questioner was pre-tested among 20 health workers (ie, 5% of the sample) in other hospitals. The questionnaire was administered to study participants with the help of data collectors. The questionnaires were then collected after 1 or 2 days. The questionnaire front page contains information, describing the survey and asking for their voluntary participation. By reading and responding, they gave their consent.
Data analysis
The data were entered and analysed using the SPSS V.20.0. The data were cleaned and checked for accuracy. Percentages and numbers were used to summarise categorical data. Mean and SD were used to describe normally distributed continuous variables. A bivariate logistic regression model was first fitted and the variables which had a p value <0.2 in the bivariate analysis were fitted in the final multivariable logistic regression model. Variables with a p value <0.05 in the final multivariable logistic regression model were considered significantly associated with the dependent variables (ie, knowledge and practice). Crude and adjusted ORs with 95% CI were calculated to measure the strength of association between the dependent and independent variables.
Patient and public involvement
No patients or public were involved in this research.
Results
Socio-demographic characteristics
A total of 377 health workers participated in the study, with a response rate of 93.7%. Table 1 shows the demographic profile of the respondents. The majority of respondents were nurses (52.5%, n=198) and medical doctors (15.6%, n=59). The mean age of the participants was 27.6 (±4.7 SD) years. Most of the respondents were males (60.7%, n=229) and BSc degree holders (62.6%, n=236).
Socio-demographic characteristics of health workers at Gondar University Referral Hospital and Felege Hiwot Referral Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia
One-third (36.6%, n=138) of the respondents were previously diagnosed for TB, and 140 (37.1%) were working at outpatient departments (OPD). The majority (80%, n=298) of study participants were not trained for infection prevention within the last 12 months. One hundred and forty-eight (39.3%) of respondents had work experience of more than 6 years.
Knowledge of health workers about MDR-TB
The mean knowledge score was seven points out of a total possible score of 10 points. Two-fifth (39.5%) (95% CI 35.0% to 44.3%) of respondents scored equal to or more than the mean score which was categorised as good knowledge. Table 2 shows the number and percentage of correct responses of health workers for knowledge questions. The majority of respondents knew that MDR-TB occurs when TB treatments are not properly administered (97.6%), culture with drug susceptibility testing (DST) is the best diagnostic methods for MDR-TB (94.7%), and MDR-TB is transmitted by droplet spread (91.5%). Knowledge was less accurate regarding the treatment and symptoms of MDR-TB. Less than half of the respondents answered questions correctly about the nationally recommended treatment regimen (44.6%) and the most common symptoms (39.3%) of MDR-TB. Knowledge gap was also observed among respondents regarding the duration of MDR-TB treatment (55.4%) (table 2).
Number and per cent of correct response among health profession towards all knowledge questions
In the bivariate analysis, sex, working sit, profession, educational status, staff categories, previous history of TB, and taking infection prevention training were significantly associated with knowledge of respondents about MDR-TB. However, in the stepwise multivariate analysis, educational level, previous history of TB, and taking infection prevention training were remained significantly associated with knowledge of respondents about MDR-TB after controlling other factors (table 3).
Factors associated with knowledge of health workers about MDR-TB at Gondar University Referral Hospital and Felege Hiwot Referral Hospitals, Northwest Ethiopia
Accordingly, health workers who had a postgraduate degree were more likely to have good knowledge about MDR-TB than health workers who had a diploma (adjusted odds ratio (AOR)=5.78; 95% CI 2.33 to 14.33). Those health workers who had been trained for infection prevention were more likely to have good knowledge about MDR-TB than those health workers who had not been trained for infection prevention (AOR=1.79; 95% CI 1.00 to 3.17). Similarly, health workers who had a history of TB were more likely to have good knowledge about MDR-TB than health workers who had no a history of TB (AOR=1.85; 95% CI 1.12 to 3.03).
Practices of health workers towards the prevention and control of MDR-TB
A total of 123 (32.6%) respondents reported having access to the MDR-TB guideline, and 110 (29.17%) mentioned that they referred to the guidelines when providing care to TB or MDR-TB suspected patients. One hundred and sixty-three (43.2%) respondents reported the implementation of cross-ventilation in their working room. More than a quarter 103 (27.3%, n=103) of participants reported that they always wore a protective mask (N95) when carrying out clinical procedures and attending patients. The mean self-reported practice score was four points out of a total possible score of seven points. Less than a quarter (19.6%; 95% CI 16.2% to 23.8%) of health workers were scored equal to or above the mean score which was categorised as good practice towards the prevention and control of MDR-TB.
To identify factors associated with the self-reported practice of MDR-TB, logistic regression models were fitted. In the bivariate analysis, working site, the age of respondents, sex, profession, educational level, and knowledge about MDR-TB were significantly associated with the self-reported practice. However, in the multivariate analysis, working site, the age of respondents, and profession were significantly associated with self-reported practice (table 4). Health workers who were working at internal medicine (AOR=4.64; 95% CI 1.99 to 10.81) and Paediatric (AOR=3.85; 95% CI 1.11 to 13.34) wards were more likely to have good self-reported practice than health workers who were working at OPD. Those health workers in the age group of 26–30 years (AOR=2.70; 95% CI 1.27 to 5.76) and >30 years (AOR=4.42; 95% CI 1.77 to 11.08) were more likely to have good self-reported practice as compared with those health workers with the age group of <25 years. Nurses were more likely to have good self-reported practice than medical doctors (AOR=4.49; 95% CI 1.03 to 19.47).
Factors associated with the self-reported practice of health workers regarding the prevention and control of MDR-TB at Gondar University Referral Hospital and Felege Hiwot Referral Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia
Discussion
Health workers have a key role in the prevention and control of MDR-TB, especially in resource-limited settings such as Ethiopia. In our study, knowledge gaps were identified with regard to the definition of MDR-TB, the combination of nationally recommend drug and the duration of MDR-TB treatment. Similar findings were reported from previous studies.33 34 Health workers’ knowledge about MDR-TB were associated with an increased level of education and taking of infection prevention training. Health workers who had a postgraduate degree had better knowledge about MDR-TB than health workers who had a diploma. This disparity was even more pronounced in health professionals who had been trained for infection prevention in the last 12 months and who had been previously diagnosed for TB. This finding highlighted the importance of providing infection prevention training for health works to increase their knowledge about MDR-TB.
Our study also found that only one-fourth of health works had good self-reported practice towards the prevention and control of MDR-TB. This low MDR-TB prevention and control practice among health workers is particularly risky in high TB burden countries such as Ethiopia because outbreaks of MDR-TB may occur in the hospitals. A high rate of hospital transmission of MDR-TB has been reported in previous studies.35 36
With regard to the practice of referring to the treatment guidelines, it is only one-third (32.6%) of participants had access to the MDR-TB guideline in the hospitals; and less than a third (29.17%) of participants referred to these guidelines while treating the patients. Although this finding is consistent with a report by other studies that a high number of healthcare practitioners fail to comply with clinical practice guidelines, this is noteworthy finding.37 38 It is important that the regional health bureau and hospital administration address this issue by making the MDR-TB guidelines available to all health workers in the healthcare settings.
Although this study did not assess whether health workers used protective mask appropriately through observation, slightly more than a quarter (27.3%) of participants reported that they always wore a protective mask when carrying out clinical procedures and attending patients. This is also a very low percentage, as all health workers should use protective masks when dealing with TB patients. This may indicate that health workers, their family members, their patients and all other persons they interact with will be at higher risk of infection with MDR-TB.39 40 This is especially important for medical doctors, health officers and nurses who have regular contact with the patients.
This study has several limitations. First, there is a possibility that health workers may not report their actual practices (due to social desirability bias) as the information was self-reported. Second, the findings of this study may not be generalisable to health workers in other hospitals of the country as the study was limited only to two referral hospitals in Amhara region. Third, there could be a possibility of selection bias as the number of health workers who had prior TB appeared to be exceptionally high (36.6%), suggesting they may have been more interested to participate in the study. Fourth, given that the study was based on a cross-sectional study design, it is important to acknowledge that a temporal relationship between the explanatory and outcome variable could not be established.
Conclusions
This study has revealed poor knowledge and practice of health workers about MDR-TB prevention and control in Amhara region referral hospitals, Ethiopia. The study also found that higher educational level, provision of training and history of TB were significantly associated with good knowledge of health workers. This finding highlighted the importance of providing infection prevention training for health works to increase their knowledge about MDR-TB.
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to acknowledge the University of Gondar for providing us financial support to undertake this study. We also thank all health workers and data collectors who participated in this study.
References
Footnotes
Patient consent for publication Not required.
Contributors KAA designed the study, participated in the data collection, analysed the data, and drafted the manuscript. AAA participated in the data collection and revised the draft manuscript. SY, BDB, AA and DNK critically revised the manuscript for methodological and intellectual content. All authors read and approved the final version of the manuscript.
Funding This research was supported by funding from the University of Gondar. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, interpretation of data, the decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Competing interests None declared.
Ethics approval This study was approved by the University of Gondar Ethics Review Board (reference number RPC/59/2014) on 26 March 2014 before initiation of the study. Permission was granted to access health workers from each hospital administrations.
Provenance and peer review Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed.
Data sharing statement The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.