Abstract
Detections of gravitational waves (GWs) may soon uncover the signal from the coalescence of a black hole–neutron star (BHNS) binary, which is expected to be accompanied by an electromagnetic (EM) signal. In this paper, we present a composite semi-analytical model to predict the properties of the expected EM counterpart from BHNS mergers, focusing on the kilonova emission and on the gamma-ray burst afterglow. Four main parameters rule the properties of the EM emission: the NS mass \(M_{{\mathrm {NS}}}\), its tidal deformability \(\varLambda _{{\mathrm {NS}}}\), the BH mass and spin. Only for certain combinations of these parameters an EM counterpart is produced. Here we explore the parameter space, and construct light curves, analyzing the dependence of the EM emission on the NS mass and tidal deformability. Exploring the NS parameter space limiting to \(M_{{\mathrm {NS}}}-\varLambda _{{\mathrm {NS}}}\) pairs described by a physically motivated equations of state (EoS), we find that the brightest EM counterparts are produced in binaries with low-mass NSs (fixing the BH properties and the EoS). Using constraints on the NS EoS from GW170817, our modeling shows that the emission falls in a narrow range of absolute magnitudes. Within the range of explored parameters, light curves and peak times are not dissimilar to those from NSNS mergers, except in the B band. The lack of an hyper/supra-massive NS in BHNS coalescences causes a dimming of the blue kilonova emission in the absence of the neutrino interaction with the ejecta.
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Data Availability Statement
This manuscript has no associated data or the data will not be deposited. [Authors’ comment: The figures show all the relevant information. For any request please contact the author.]
Notes
LVC is the acronym of the LIGO Scientific Collaboration and Virgo Collaboration.
A much higher, albeit uncertain, mass of \(2.7\pm 0.21\,{\mathrm{M}}_\odot \) is observed in the recycled millisecond pulsar J1748-2021B [16]. However, due to uncertainties in the assumed binary orbital inclination angle, for J1748-2021B the authors indicate that there is \(1\%\) probability that the NS mass is below \(2~\,{\mathrm{M}}_\odot \).
Hereafter, the term spin refers to the dimensionless spin parameter \(\chi _{{\mathrm {BH}}}=cJ/GM_{{\mathrm {BH}}}^2\), where J is the angular momentum of the BH.
In this work we assume the NS spin to be negligible. Indeed the time delay between the NS formation and the binary merger is long enough so that the NS spin (initially large) decreases through dipole emission. Furthermore, the absence of matter accretion onto the NS avoids the spin-up through recycling. Thus the NS spin is expected to be low before tidal locking; it remains negligible because the GW driven inspiral time is much shorter than the timescale for tidal spin-up [22, 23].
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Acknowledgements
We thank F. Zappa and S. Bernuzzi for sharing EoS tables. The authors acknowledge support from INFN, under the Virgo-Prometeo initiative. O. S. acknowledges the Italian Ministry for University and Research (MIUR) for funding through project grant 1.05.06.13. M. C. acknowledges kind hospitality during drafting of this paper by the Kavli Institute for Theoretical Physics at Santa Barbara, under the program “The New Era of Gravitational-Wave Physics and Astrophysics”.
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Barbieri, C., Salafia, O.S., Perego, A. et al. Electromagnetic counterparts of black hole–neutron star mergers: dependence on the neutron star properties. Eur. Phys. J. A 56, 8 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1140/epja/s10050-019-00013-x
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1140/epja/s10050-019-00013-x