Abstract
We report a study of the collective properties of the medium produced in pp collisions at 13 TeV. For this study, we used the measurements of the CMS experiment (Sirunyan et al. in Phys Rev D 96:112003, 2017) in the rapidity range \(|y| < 1\) and in the transverse momentum (\(p_T\)) range (0.1–1.7) GeV/c. Modified Hagedorn function with embedded transverse flow velocity and thermodynamically consistent Tsallis distribution functions are used to fit the measured \(p_T\) spectra of \(\pi ^{\pm }\), \(K^{\pm }\) and (anti)-protons and to extract the parameters that characterize the medium created in the collision. The average transverse flow velocity (\(<\beta _T>\)), extracted from the modified Hagedorn function, is found to decrease with the particle’s mass, the kinetic freeze-out temperature (\(T_{0}\)) and effective temperature (\(T_\mathrm{eff}\)) are larger for protons than pions while we observed even higher values for kaons than protons due to their strange quark content. Furthermore, four Monte Carlo event generators, EPOS-LHC, Pythia, QGSJETII-04 and Sibyll2.3d, are used to compare the measurements. The EPOS-LHC and Sibyll2.3d models reproduce the experimental data followed by Pythia, while QGSJETII-04 has greater departure from data for \(\pi ^{\pm }\) and \(K^\pm \)-mesons. In the case of (anti-)protons, only EPOS-LHC predicts well the \(p_T\) distribution over the entire \(p_T\) range. Although the models have shown good predictions for a particular particle’s \(p_T\) spectra or in a range of the spectra, none of them could reproduce the distributions over the entire \(p_T\) range for all the particles.
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The data used to support the findings of this study are quoted from the mentioned references. As a phenomenological work, this paper does not report new data.
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Acknowledgements
The authors would like to acknowledge Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan for providing all possible facilities. We would also like to acknowledge the support of Ajman University Internal Research Grant No. DGSR Ref. 2021-IRG-HBS-12.
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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper. The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript, or in the decision to publish the results.
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Ajaz, M., Waqas, M., Li, LL. et al. Bulk properties of the medium in comparison with models’ predictions in pp collisions at 13 TeV. Eur. Phys. J. Plus 137, 592 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1140/epjp/s13360-022-02805-5
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1140/epjp/s13360-022-02805-5