skip to main content
article

Consistency models for distributed interactive multimedia applications

Published:01 October 2004Publication History
Skip Abstract Section

Abstract

Distributed Interactive Multimedia Applications (DIMA) are "human in the loop" applications. Their aim is to support real-world like interactions through a virtual world in a broader sense. However, propagation delays, jitter and losses due to network communications naturally lead to inconsistencies, when local and remote actions performed by users/clients are played out. This constraint makes the management of replicated multimedia shared data a real challenge. In the literature, various consistency models are proposed and each of them brings their own complexity and distortion among interactions. In this paper, we provide hints to help DIMA designers to choose appropriate consistency models by first presenting meaningful psycho-perceptive characteristics of the real-world interactions and then discussing various consistency models according to them.

References

  1. {ABHN92} M. Ahamad, J. E. Burns, P. W. Hutto, and G. Neiger. Causal memory. In Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Distributed Algorithms, pages 9--30. Springer-Verlag, 1992. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  2. {AT00} K. Alex and S. Taylor. Using determinism to improve the accuracy of dead reckoning algorithms. In Proceedings of the simulation Technology and training Conference, Sydney Australia, 2000.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  3. {AY96} I. Akyildiz and W. Yen. Multimedia group synchronization protocols for integrated services networks. IEEE Journal on selected area in communications, Vol. 14(No. 1):p. 162, 1996. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  4. {BBA98} S. Bhola, G. Banavar, and M. Ahamad. Responsiveness and consistency tradeoffs in interactive groupware. In Proc. of the 7th ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW'98), November 1998. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  5. {Bou03} N. Bouillot. Un algorithme d'auto synchronisation distribuee de flux audio dans le concert virtuel reparti. In Proc. of The Conference Francaise sur les Systemes d'Exploitation (CFSE'3), La Colle sur Loup, France, October 2003.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  6. {Bou04} N. Bouillot. The auditory consistency in distributed music performance: a conductor based synchronization. ISDM (Info et com Sciences for Decision Making, (13):pp. 129--137, 2004.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  7. {BPRS96} R. Baldoni, R. Prakash, M. Raynal, and M. Singhal. Broadcast with time and causality constraints for multimedia applications. Technical Report RR-2976, INRIA, 1996.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  8. {Ca} P. Cederqvist and al. Version management with CVS.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  9. {CF78} Lucien M. Censier and Paul Feautrier. A new solution to coherence problems in multicache systems. IEEE Trans. Computers, vol 27(12): pages 1112--1118, 1978.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  10. {CGSHL97} T. Cornilleau, E. Gressier-Soudan, F. Horn, and C. Lizzi. Coherence causale temporelle. In Real Time Systems'97, 1997.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  11. {CLC99} W. Cai, F. Lee, and L. Chen. An auto-adaptive dead reckoning algorithm for distributed interactive simulation. In Proceedings of the thirteenth workshop on Parallel and distributed simulation, pages 82--89. IEEE Computer Society, 1999. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  12. {CS99} D. Chen and C. Sun. A distributed algorithm for graphic objects replication in real-time group editors. In Proceedings of the international ACM SIGGROUP conference on Supporting group work, pages 121--130. ACM Press, 1999. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  13. {CST+00} F. Costantini, A. Sgambato, C. Toinard, N. Chevassus, and F. Gaillard. An internet based architecture satisfying the distributed building site metaphor. In IRMA2000 Multimedia Computing Track, pages pp. 151--155, Anchorage, Alaska, 21-24 May 2000. IDEA Gro. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  14. {CTCG01} F. Costantini, C. Toinard, N. Chevassus, and F. Gaillard. Collaborative design using distributed virtual reality over the internet. In SPIE Internet Imaging, San Jose, California, 2001.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  15. {EM97} W. Keith Edwards and E. D. Mynatt. Timewarp: Techniques for autonomous collaboration. In CHI, pages 218--225, 1997. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  16. {FOB03} P. Ferreira, J. Orvalho, and F. Boavida. Challenges of distributed interactive state transmission. In Proceedings of ConfTele 2003, 4th Conference on Telecommunications, Aveiro, Portugal, June 18-20, 2003. Telecommunications Institute.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  17. {GA02} Sanny Gustavsson and Sten F. Andler. Self-stabilization and eventual consistency in replicated real-time databases. In Proceedings of the first workshop on Self-healing systems, pages 105--107. ACM Press, 2002. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  18. {GD98} L. Gautier and C. Diot. Design and evaluation of MiMaze, a multi-player game on the internet. In International Conference on Multimedia Computing and Systems, pages 233--236, 1998. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  19. {GL00} R. Galli and Y. Luo. Mu3D: a causal consistency protocol for a collaborative VRML editor. In Proceedings of the fifth symposium on Virtual reality modeling language (Web3D-VRML), pages 53--62. ACM Press, 2000. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  20. {JMS+} J. C. Oliveira, M. Hosseini, S. Shirmohammadi, M. Cordea, E. Petriu, D. Petriu, and N. D. Georganas. Virtual theater for industrial training: A collaborative virtual environment. In Proc. 4th World Multiconference on Circuits, Systems, Communications and Computers (CSCC 2000), Greece, July 2000.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  21. {KOGC98} D. Konstantas, Y. Orlarey, S. Gibbs, and O. Carbone. Design and implementation of an atm based distributed musical rehearsal studio. In Proceedings of ECMAST'98, 3rd Eur. Conf. on Multimedia Applications, Services and Techniques, Berlin-Germany, 26 - 28 May 1998. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  22. {KRSD01} A.-M. Kermarrec, A. Rowstron, M. Shapiro, and P. Druschel. The icecube approach to the reconciliation of divergent replicas. In Proceedings of the twentieth annual ACM symposium on Principles of distributed computing, pages 210--218. ACM Press, 2001. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  23. {Lam78} L. Lamport. Time, clocks, and the ordering of events in a distributed system. Commun. ACM, 21(7):558--565, 1978. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  24. {Lam79} L. Lamport. How to make a multiprocessor computer that correctly executes multiprocess programs. IEEE Transaction on Computers, C28(9):690--700, 1979.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  25. {LBB+03} H-N. Locher, N. Bouillot, E. Becquet, F. Dechelle, and E. Gressier-Soudan. Monitoring the distributed virtual orchestra with a corba based object oriented real-time data distribution service. In Proceedings DOA'03 International Symposium on Distributed Objects and Applications, Catagna, Italy, November 2003.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  26. {LST99} J. C. S. Lui, O. K. Y. So, and T. S. Tam. Deriving communication subgraph and optimal synchronizing interval for a distributed virtual environment system. In ICMCS, Vol. 2, pages 357--361, 1999. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  27. {LZM00} D. Li, L. Zhou, and R. R. Muntz. A new paradigm of user intention preservation in realtime collaborative editing systems. In Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Parallel and Distributed Systems (ICPADS'00), page 401. IEEE Computer Society, 2000. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  28. {Mau00} M. Mauve. Consistency in replicated continuous interactive media. In Proceedings of the 2000 ACM conference on Computer supported cooperative work, pages 181--190. ACM Press, 2000. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  29. {Mil89} Dave L. Mills. Network time protocol (version 2) specification and implementation. Network Working Group Request for Comments: 1119, September 1989.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  30. {Mos93} D. Mosberger. Memory consistency models. SIGOPS Oper. Syst. Rev., 27(1):18--26, 1993. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  31. {MRWJ03} M. Meehan, S. Razzaque, M. C. Whitton, and F. P. Brooks Jr. Effect of latency on presence in stressful virtual environments. In IEEE Virtual Reality, page p. 141, Los Angeles, CA, March 22 - 26 2003. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  32. {MVHE04} M. Mauve, J. Vogel, V. Hilt, and W. Effelsberg. Local-lag and time-warp: Providing consistency for replicated continuous applications. IEEE Transactions on Multimedia, Vol. 6(Nr. 1), 2004. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  33. {PK99} K. Shin Park and R. V. Kenyon. Effects of network characteristics on human performance in a collaborative virtual environment. In Proceedings of the IEEE Virtual Reality, page 104. IEEE Computer Society, 1999. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  34. {PSM03} N. Preguica, M. Shapiro, and C. Matheson. Semantics-based reconciliation for collaborative and mobile environments. In Proc. Conf. on Cooperative Information Systems (CoopIS), Catania, Italy, Nov. 2003.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  35. {PSYC03} J. Mazzola Paluska, D. Saff, T. Yeh, and K. Chen. Footloose: A case for physical eventual consistency and selective conflict resolution. In Fifth IEEE Workshop on Mobile Computing Systems and Applications, Monterey, California, October 09 - 10 2003.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  36. {PW02a} L. Pantel and L. C. Wolf. On the impact of delay on real-time multiplayer games. In Proceedings of the 12th international workshop on Network and operating systems support for digital audio and video, pages 23--29. ACM Press, 2002. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  37. {PW02b} L. Pantel and L. C. Wolf. On the suitability of dead reckoning schemes for games. In Proceedings of the 1st workshop on Network and system support for games, pages 79--84. ACM Press, 2002. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  38. {Qin02} X. Qin. Delayed consistency model for distributed interactive systems with real-time continuous media. Journal of Software, Vol.13(No.6):1029--1039, June, 2002.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  39. {RS96} M. Raynal and A. Schiper. A suite of formal definitions for consistency criteria in distributed shared memories. In Proceedings Int Conf on Parallel and Distributed Computing (PDCS'96), pages 125--130, Dijon, France, September 1996.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  40. {RS97} D J Roberts and P M Sharkey. Minimising the latency induced by consistency control within a large scale multi-user distributed virtual reality system. In IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics, Orlando, Florida, 1997.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  41. {SBF+87} M. Stefik, D. G. Bobrow, G. Foster, S. Lanning, and D. Tatar. WYSIWIS revised: early experiences with multiuser interfaces. ACM Trans. Inf. Syst., 5(2):147--167, 1987. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  42. {SBM+97} R. E. Strom, G. Banavar, K. Miller, A. Prakash, and M. Ward. Concurrency control and view notification algorithms for collaborative replicated objects. In International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems, 1997. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  43. {SC00} C. Sun and D. Chen. A multiversion approach to conflict resolution in distributed groupware systems. In International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems, pages 316--325, 2000. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  44. {Sch02} N. Schuett. Effects of Latency on Ensemble Performance. PhD thesis, Stanford University, May 2002.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  45. {SG00} S. Shirmohammadi and N. D. Georganas. Collaborating in 3d virtual environments: A synchronous architecture. In Proc.IEEE 9th Inter. Workshops on Enab. Technol. Infr. For Collabor. Entreprises (WET-ICE) Knowledge Media Networking workshop, Washington DC, June 2000. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  46. {SRH97} A. Singla, U. Ramachandran, and J. K. Hodgins. Temporal notions of synchronization and consistency in beehive. In ACM Symposium on Parallel Algorithms and Architectures, pages 211--220, 1997. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  47. {Ste96} R. Steinmetz. Human perception of jitter and media synchronization. IEEE Jounal on selected area in communications, Vol. 14(No. 1):p. 61, 1996. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  48. {SYG03} A. El Saddik, D. Yang, and N. D. Georganas. "a lightweight multisession synchronous multimedia collaborative environment. In Proceedings of the ACS/IEEE International Conference on Computer Systems and Applications, Tunisia, Tunis, July 2003.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  49. {TRAR98} F. J. Torres-Rojas, M. Ahamad, and M. Raynal. Lifetime based consistency protocols for distributed objects. In Proceedings of the 12th International Symposium on Distributed Computing (DISC '98), pages 378--392, Andros, Greece, September 1998. Research Academic Computer Technology Institute, Springer-Verlag Heidelberg. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  50. {TRAR99} F. J. Torres-Rojas, M. Ahamad, and M. Raynal. Timed consistency for shared distributed objects. In Proceedings of the eighteenth annual ACM symposium on Principles of distributed computing (PODC '99), pages 163--172, Atlanta, Georgia, May 1999. ACM, ACM Press. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  51. {ZCLT04} S. Zhou, W. Cai, B.-S. Lee, and S. J. Turner. Time-space consistency in large-scale distributed virtual environments. ACM Trans. Model. Comput. Simul., 14(1):31--47, 2004. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library

Recommendations

Comments

Login options

Check if you have access through your login credentials or your institution to get full access on this article.

Sign in

Full Access

  • Published in

    cover image ACM SIGOPS Operating Systems Review
    ACM SIGOPS Operating Systems Review  Volume 38, Issue 4
    October 2004
    92 pages
    ISSN:0163-5980
    DOI:10.1145/1031154
    Issue’s Table of Contents

    Copyright © 2004 Authors

    Publisher

    Association for Computing Machinery

    New York, NY, United States

    Publication History

    • Published: 1 October 2004

    Check for updates

    Qualifiers

    • article

PDF Format

View or Download as a PDF file.

PDF

eReader

View online with eReader.

eReader