ABSTRACT
Most digital systems are equipped with DC-DC converters to supply various levels of voltages from batteries to logic devices. DCDC converters maintain legal voltage ranges regardless of the load current variation as well as battery voltage drop. Although the efficiency of DC-DC converters is changed by the output voltage level and the load current, most existing power management techniques simply ignore the efficiency variation of DC-DC converters. However, without a careful consideration of the efficiency variation of DC-DC converters, finding a true optimal power management will be impossible. In this work, we solve the problem of energy minimization with the consideration of the characteristics of power consumption of DC-DC converter. Specifically, the contributions of our work are: (1) We analyze the effects of the efficiency variation of DC-DC converters on a single task execution in DVS (dynamic voltage scaling) scheme, and propose a technique, called DC_DVS, of DC-DC converter-aware energy-minimal DVS; (2) DC_DVS is then extended to combine the effects of DC-DC converters with the procedures of general DVS techniques with multiple tasks; (3) Conversely, we propose a technique, called DC_CONF, of generating a DC-DC converter that is best suited, in terms of total energy efficiency, to the intended application, and (4) finally, we complete our integrated framework DC-lp, which is based on DC_DVS and DC_CONF, that attempts to solve the DC-DC converter configuration selection problem and the DVS problem simultaneously. To show the effectiveness of the proposed techniques, a set of experimental results is provided. In summary, it is shown that DC-lp is able to save 16.0%~22.1% of energy on the average, which otherwise was dissipated in the previous power management schemes with no consideration of DC-DC converter efficiency variation.
- V. Kursun, S. G. Narendra, V. K. De and E. G. Friedman, "Monolithic DC-DC converter analysis and MOSFET gate voltage optimization," ISQED, 2003. Google ScholarDigital Library
- M. M. Jovanovic, M. T. Zhang and F. C. Lee, "Evaluation of synchronous-rectification efficiency improvement limits in forward converters," IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, August 1995.Google Scholar
- T. Simunic, L. Benini and G. De Micheli, "Cycle-accurate simulation of energy consumption in embedded systems," DAC, 1999.Google Scholar
- M. Pedram and Q. Wu, "Design considerations for battery-powered electronics," DAC, 1999. Google ScholarDigital Library
- F. Yao, A. Demers and A. Shenker, "A scheduling model for reduced CPU energy," IEEE Foundations of Computer Science, 1995. Google ScholarDigital Library
- G. Quan and X. S. Hu, "Minimum energy fixed-priority scheduling for variable voltage processors," DATE, 2002. Google ScholarDigital Library
- W. Kim, D. Shin, H. S. Yun, J. Kim and S. L. Min, "Performance comparison of dynamic voltage scaling algorithms for hard real-time systems," RTAS, 2002. Google ScholarDigital Library
- D. Shin, J. Kim and S. Lee, "Intra-task voltage scheduling for low-energy hard real-time applications," IEEE Design and Test of Computers, March 2001. Google ScholarDigital Library
- W. Kwon and T. Kim, "Optimal voltage allocation techniques for dynamically variable voltage processors," DAC, 2003. Google ScholarDigital Library
- L. H. Chandrasena, P. Chandrasena, and M. J. Liebelt, "An Energy Efficient Rate Selection Algorithm for Voltage Quantized Dynamic Voltage Scaling," ISSS, 2001. Google ScholarDigital Library
- C. Locke, D. Vogel, and T. Mesler, "Building a Predictable Avionics Platform in Ada: A Case Study," RTSS, 1991.Google Scholar
- N. Kim, M. Ryu, S. Hong, M. Saksena, C. Choi, and H. Shin "Visual Assessment of a Real-time System Design: A Case Study on a CNC Controller," RTSS, 1996. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Micrel Semiconductor, "MIC4685 Datasheet," "http://www.micrel.com."Google Scholar
Index Terms
- DC-DC converter-aware power management for battery-operated embedded systems
Recommendations
DC–DC Converter-Aware Power Management for Low-Power Embedded Systems
Most digital systems are equipped with dc-dc converters to supply various levels of voltages from batteries to logic devices. DC-DC converters maintain legal voltage ranges regardless of the load current variation as well as battery voltage drop. ...
A monolithic buck DC-DC converter with on-chip PWM circuit
A monolithic CMOS voltage-mode, buck DC-DC converter with integrated power switches and new on-chip pulse-width modulation (PWM) technique of switching control is presented in this paper. The PWM scheme is constructed by a CMOS ring oscillator, which ...
A fully integrated switched-capacitor DC-DC converter with dual output for low power application
GLSVLSI '12: Proceedings of the great lakes symposium on VLSIThis paper presents a fully integrated on-chip switched-capacitor (SC) DC-DC converter that supports two regulated power supply voltages of 2.2V and 3.2V from 5V input supply and delivers the maximum load currents up to 8mA at both of the outputs. The ...
Comments