skip to main content
article
Free Access

User interface software tools

Published:01 March 1995Publication History
Skip Abstract Section

Abstract

Almost as long as there have been user interfaces, there have been special software systems and tools to help design and implement the user interface software. Many of these tools have demonstrated significant productivity gains for programmers, and have become important commercial products. Others have proven less successful at supporting the kinds of user interfaces people want to build. This article discusses the different kinds of user interface software tools, and investigates why some approaches have worked and others have not. Many examples of commercial and research systems are included. Finally, current research directions and open issues in the field are discussed.

References

  1. ADOBE SYSTEMS 1985. Postscript Language Reference Manual. Addison-Wesley, Reading, Mass. Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  2. APPLE COMPUTER 1985. Inside Macintosh. Addison-Wesley, Reading, Mass.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  3. BLY, S. A. AND ROSENBERG, J.K. 1986. A comparison of tiled and overlapping windows. In Human Factors in Computing Systems, Proceedings SIGCHI'86 (Boston, Mass., Apr.). ACM, New York, 101 106. Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  4. BOOZ ALLEN AND HAMILTON 1992. NeXTStep vs. other development environments. Booz Alien and Hamilton, Inc. Report available from NEXT, Inc.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  5. BORNING, A. 1981. The programming language aspects of Thinglab. A constraint-oriented simulation laboratory. ACM Trans. Program. Lang. Syst. 3, 4 (Oct.), 353-387. Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  6. BORNING, A. AND DUISBERG, R. 1986. Constraint-based tools for building user interfaces. ACM Trans. Graph. 5, 4 (Oct.), 345-374. Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  7. BORNING, A. 1986. Defining constraints graphically. In Human Factors in Computing Systems, Proceedings SIGCHI'86. ACM, New York, 137-143. Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  8. BUXTON, W., LAMB, M. R., SHERMAN, n., AND SMITH, K.C. 1983. Towards a comprehensive user interface management system. Comput. Graph. 17, 3, 35-42. Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  9. BYRNE, M. D., WOOD, S. D., SUKAVm~A, P., FOLEY, J. D., AND KmRAS, D.E. 1994. Automating interface evaluation. In Human Factors in Computing Systems, Proceedings SIGCHI'94. ACM, New York, 232 237. Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  10. CARDELLI, L. 1988. Building user interfaces by direct manipulation. In ACM SIGGRAPH Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology, Proceedings UIST'88 (Banff, Alberta, Canada, Oct.). ACM, New York, 152-166. Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  11. CARDELLI, L. AND PIKE, R. 1985. Squeak: A language for communicating with mice. In SIG- GRAPH '85. Comput. Graph. 19, 3 (July), 199-204. Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  12. CHIMERA, R. 1993. Evaluation of platform independent user interface builders. Tech. Rep. Working Paper 93-09, Human-Computer Interaction Laboratory, Univ. of Maryland.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  13. DEPALMA, D. A. AND WOODmNG, S.D. 1993. Client/server power tools futures. Softw. Strat. Rep. 4, i (Apr.), 2-13. This is available only from Forrester Research, Cambridge, Mass.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  14. F~SHER, G. L., BussE, D. E., AND WOLBER, D. A. 1992. Adding rule-based reasoning to a demonstrational interface builder. In ACM SIGGRAPH Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology, Proceedings UIST'92 (Monterey, Ca., Nov.). ACM, New York, 89 97. Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  15. FLECCHIA, M. A. AND BERGEEON, R.D. 1987. Specifying complex dialogs in ALGAE. In Human Factors in Computing Systems, CHI + GI'87 (Toronto, Ont., Canada, Apr.). ACM, New York, 229-234. Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  16. FRANK, M. R. AND FOLEY, J.D. 1993. Model-based user interface design by example and by interview. In ACM SIGGRAPH Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology, Proceedings UIST'93 (Atlanta, Ga., Nov.). ACM, New York, 129-137. Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  17. GASKINS, T. 1992. PEXlib Programming Manual. O'Reilly and Associates, Inc., Sebastopol, Calif. Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  18. GLEICHER, M., 1993. A graphics toolkit based on differential constraints. In ACM SIGGRAPH Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology, Proceedings UIST'93 (Atlanta, Ga., Nov.). ACM, New York, 109-120. Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  19. GREEN, M. 1986. A survey of three dialog models. ACM Trans. Graph. 5, 3 (July), 244-275. Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  20. GUIMARAES, N. M., CORREIA, N. M., AND CARMO, T.A. 1992. Programming time in multimedia user interfaces. In ACM SIGGRAPH Symposzum on User Interface Software and Technology, Proceedings UIST'92 (Monterey, Ca., Nov.). ACM, New York, 125-134. Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  21. HARTSON, H. R. AND HIX, D. 1989. Human-computer interface development: Concepts and systems for its management. ACM Comput. Surv. 21, I (Mar.), 5-92. Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  22. HARTSON, H. R., SIOCHL A. C., AND HIx, D. 1990. The UAN: A user-oriented representation for direct manipulation interface designs. ACM Trans. Inf. Syst. 8, 3 (July), 181-203. Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  23. HAYES, r. J., SZEKELY, r. A., AND LERNER, a.A. 1985. Design alternatives for user interface management systems based on experience with COUSIN. In Human Factors in Computtng Systems, Proceedings SIGCHI'85 (San Francisco, Ca., Apr.). ACM, New York, 169 175. Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  24. HENDERSON, D. h., JR. 1986. The Trillium user interface design environment. In Human Factors in Computing Systems, Proceedings SIGCHI'86. ACM, New York, 221-227. Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  25. HILL, R. D. 1993. The Rendezvous constraint maintenance system. In ACM SIGGRAPH Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology, Proceedings UIST'93 (Atlanta, Ga., Nov.). ACM, New York, 225-234. Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  26. HILL, R. D. 1986. Supporting concurrency, communication and synchronization in humancomputer interaction The Sassafras UIMS. ACM Trans. Graph. 5, 3 (July), 179-210. Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  27. HILL, R. D., BRINCK, T., PATTERSON, J. F., ROHALL, S. L., AND WINNER, W. T. 1993. The Rendezvous language and architecture. Commun. ACM 36, I (Jan.), 62-67. Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  28. HIX, D. 1989. A procedure for evaluating human-computer interface development tools. In ACM SIGGRAPH Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology, Proceedings UIST'89 (Williamsburg, Va., Nov.). ACM, New York, 53-61. Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  29. HUDSON, S.E. 1993. User interface specification using an enhanced spreadsheet model. Tech. Rep. GIT-GVU-93-20, Georgia Tech Graphics, Visualization and Usability Center.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  30. HUDSON, S. E. ~-~u STASKO, J.T. 1993. Animation support in a user interface toolkit: Flexible, robust, and reusable abstractions. In ACM SIGGRAPH Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology, Proceedings UIST'93 (Atlanta, Ga., Nov.). ACM, New York, 57-67. Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  31. INGALLS, D. H.H. 1981. The Smalltalk graphics kernel. Byte Mag. 6, 8 (Aug.), 168-194.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  32. JACOB, R. J.K. 1986. A specification language for direct manipulation interfaces. ACM Trans. Graph. 5, 4 (Oct.), 283 317. Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  33. JOHNSON, J. A., NARDI, B. A., ZARMER, C. L., ANn MILLER, J.R. 1993. ACE: Building interactive graphical applications. Commun. ACM 36, 4 (Apr.), 41-55. Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  34. KARRER, A. AND SCACCm, W. 1990. Requirements for an extensible object-oriented tree/graph editor. In ACM SIGGRAPH Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology, Proceed- ~ngs UIST'90 (Snowbird, Utah, Oct.). ACM, New York, 84-91. Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  35. KIM, W. C. AND FOLEY, J.D. 1993. Providing high4evel control and expert assistance in the user interface presentation design. In Human Factors in Computing Systems, Proceedings INTERCHI'93 (Amsterdam, The Netherlands, Apr.). ACM, New York, 430-437. Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  36. LANDAY, J. A. AND MYERS, B.A. 1995. Interactive sketching for the early stages of user interface design. In Human Factors in Computing Systems, Proceedings of SIGCHI '95. ACM, New York. Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  37. LINTON, M. A., VLtSSIDES, J. M., AND CALDER, P.R. 1989. Composing user interfaces with InterViews. IEEE Comput. 22, 2 (Feb.), 8-22. Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  38. MCCORMACK, J. AND ASENTE, P. 1988. An overview of the X toolkit. In ACM SIGGRAPH Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology, Proceedings UIST'88 (Banff, Alberta, Canada, Oct.). ACM, New York, 46-55. Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  39. MYERS, B.A. 1994. Challenges of HCI design and implementation. ACM Interactions 1, 1. Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  40. MYERS, B. A. (ED.). 1992a. Languages for Developing User Interfaces. Jones and Bartlett, Boston. Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  41. MYERS, B.A. 1992b. Demonstrational interfaces: A step beyond direct manipulation. IEEE Comput. 25, 8 (Aug.), 61-73. Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  42. MYERS, B.A. 1991a. Separating application code from toolkits: Eliminating the spaghetti of call-backs. In ACM SIGGRAPH Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology, Proceedings UIST'91, (Hilton Head, SC, Nov.). ACM, New York, 211-220. Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  43. MYERS, B.A. 1991b. Graphical techniques in a spreadsheet for specifying user interfaces. In Human Factors in Computing Systems, Proceedings SIGCHI'91 (New Orleans, La., Apr.). ACM, New York, 243-249. Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  44. MYERS, B.A. 1990a. A new model for handling input. ACM Trans. Inf. Syst. 8, 3 (July), 289-320. Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  45. MYERS, B.A. 1990b. All the Widgets. SIGGRAPH Vid. Rev. 57.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  46. MYERS, B.A. 1990c. Taxonomies of visual programming and program visualization. J. Vis. Lang. Comput. 1, i (Mar.), 97-123.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  47. MYERS, B.A. 1989. User interface tools: Introduction and survey. IEEE Softw. 6, I (Jan.), 15-23. Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  48. MYERS, B.A. 1988a. A taxonomy of user interfaces for window managers. IEEE Comput. Graph. Appl. 8, 5 (Sept.), 65-84. Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  49. MYERS, B.A. 1988b. Creating User Interfaces by Demonstration. Academic Press, Boston. Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  50. MYERS, B. A. 1986. A complete and efficient implementation of covered windows. IEEE Comput. 19, 9 (Sept.), 57-67. Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  51. MYERS, B.A. 1984. The user interface for Sapphire. IEEE Comput. Graph. Appl. 4, 12 (Dec.), 13-23.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  52. MYERS, B. A. AND ROSSON, M.B. 1992. Survey on user interface programming. In Human Factors in Computing Systems, Proceedings SIGCHI'92 (Monterey, Ca., May). ACM, New York, 195-202. Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  53. MYERS, B. A. AND VANDER ZANDEN, B. 1992. Environment for rapid creation of interactive design tools. Int. J. Comput. Graph. 8, 2 (Feb.), 94-116. Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  54. MYERS, B. A., SMITH, D. C., AND Horn% B. 1992a. Report of the 'End-User Programming' working group. In Languages for Developing User Interfaces. Jones and Bartlett, Boston, 343-366. Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  55. MYERS, B. A., GIUSE, D., AND VANDER ZANDEN, B. 1992b. Declarative programming in a prototype-instance system: Object-oriented programming without writing methods. Sigplan Not. 27, 10 (Oct.), 184-200. Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  56. MYERS, B. A., GIUSE, D. A., DANNENBERG, R. B., VANDER ZANDEN, B., KOSBIE, D. S., PER~IN, E., MICKISH, A., AND MARCHAL, P. 1990. Garnet: Comprehensive support for graphical, highlyinteractive user interfaces. IEEE Comput. 23, 11 (Nov.), 71-85. Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  57. MYERS, B. A., McDANIEL, R. G., AND KOSBIE, D. S. 1993. Marquise: Creating complete user interfaces by demonstration. In Human Factors in Computing Systems, Proceedings INTER- CHI'93, (Amsterdam, The Netherlands, Apr.). ACM, New York, 293-300. Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  58. MYERS, B. A., VANDER ZANDEN, B., DANNENBERG, R.B. 1989. Creating graphical interactive application objects by demonstration. In ACM SIGGRAPH Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology, Proceedings UIST'89 (Williamsburg, Va., Nov.). ACM, New York, 95-104. Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  59. NECHES, e., FOLEY, J., SZEKELY, F., SUKAVIRIYA, P., Luo, P., KOVACEVIC, S., AND HUDSON, S. 1993. Knowledgeable development environments using shared design models. In Proceedings of the 1993 International Workshop on Intelligent User Interfaces. ACM, New York, 63-70. Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  60. NEWBERY, F.J. 1988. An interface description language for graph editors. In 1988 IEEE Workshop on Visual Languages. IEEE Computer Society, Washington, D.C., 144-149.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  61. NEWMAN, W.M. 1968. A system for interactive graphical programming. In AFIPS Spring Joint Computer Conference. AFIPS, Montvale, N.J., 47-54.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  62. NIELSEN, J. 1993. Noncommand user interfaces. Commun. ACM 36, 4 (Apr.), 83-99. Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  63. OLSEN, D. R., JR. 1992. User Interface Management Systems: Models and Algorithms. Morgan Kaufmann, San Mateo, Calif. Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  64. OLSEN, D. R., JR. 1989. A programming language basis for user interface management. In Human Factors in Computing Systems, Proceedings SIGCHI'89 (Austin, Tex., Apr.). ACM, New York, 171-176. Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  65. OLSEN, D. R., JR. 1987. Larger issues in user interface management. Comput. Graph. 21, 2 (Apr.), 134-137. Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  66. OLSEN, U. a., JR. 1986. Mike: The Menu Interaction Kontrol Environment. ACM Trans. Graph. 5, 4 (Oct.), 318-344. Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  67. OLSEN, D. R., JR. AND DEMPSEY, E.P. 1983. Syngraph: A graphical user interface generator. In SIGGRAPH '83. Comput. Graph. 17, 3 (July), 43-50. Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  68. OLSEN, D. R., JR. AND HALVERSEN, B. W. 1988. Interface usage measurements in a user interface management system. In ACM SIGGRAPH Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology, Proceedings UIST'88 (Banff, Alberta, Canada, Oct.). ACM, New York, 102-108. Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  69. OLSEN, D. R., JR., FOLEY, J. D., HUDSON, S. E., MmLER, J. AND MYERS, B. 1993. Research directions for user interface software tools. Behav. Inf. Tech. 12, 2 (Mar.-Apr.), 80-97.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  70. OUSTERHOUT, J. K. 1991. An Xll toolkit based on the Tcl language. In Winter USENIX. USENIX Assoc., Berkeley, Calif., 105-115.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  71. PALEY, A. J., HANSEN, W., KAZAR, M., SHERMAN, M., WADLOW, M., NEUEUNDORFFER, T., STERN, Z., BADISI~, M., Ar/D PI~TI~I~D, T. lO~8. T~ Andrew t,oolklt An o~~rvlew. In Procecdir~gs of Winter Usenix Technieal Conference (Dallas, Tex., Feb.). USENIX Assoc., Berkeley, Califi, 9-21.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  72. PAUSCH, R., CONWAY, M., AND DELINE, R. 1992. Lesson learned from SUIT, the Simple User Interface Toolkit. ACM Trans. Inf. Syst. 10, 4 (Oct.), 320-344. Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  73. PIKE, R. 1983. Graphics in overlapping bitmap layers. ACM Trans. Graph. 2, 2 (Apr.), 135-160. Also in Computer Graphics: SIGGRAPH'83 Conference Proceedings, 1983. pp. 331-355. Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  74. RUSSO, P. AND BOOR, S. 1993. How fluent is your interface? Designing for international users. In Human Factors m Computing Systems, Proceedings INTERCHI'93 (Amsterdam, Apr.). ACM, New York, 342-347. Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  75. SAMUELSON, P. 1993. The ups and downs of look and feel. Commun. ACM 36, 4 (Apr.), 29-35. Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  76. SCHEIFLER, R. W. AND GETTYS, J. 1986. The X Window System. ACM Trans. Graph. 5, 2 (Apt.l, 79-109. Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  77. SCHMUCKER, K.J. 1986. MacApp: An application framework. Byte 11, 8 (Aug.), 189-193.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  78. SCHULERT, A. J., ROGERS, G. T., AND HAMmTON, J.A. 1985. ADM-A Dialogue Manager. In Human Factors in Computing Systems, Proceedings SIGCHI'85. ACM, New York, 177-183. Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  79. SINGH, G. AND GREEN, M. 1989. Chisel: A system for creating highly interactive screen layouts. In ACM SIGGRAPH Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology, Proceedings UIST'89. ACM, New York, 86-94. Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  80. SINGH, G. AND GREEN, M. 1988. Designing the interface designer's interface. In ACM SIG- GRAPH Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology, Proceedings UIST'88 (Banff, Alberta, Canada, Oct.). ACM, New York, 109-116. Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  81. SMITH, D. C., IREY, C., K~MBALL, R., VERPLANK, B., AND HARSLEM, E. 1982. Designing the Star user interface. Byte 7, 4 (Apr.), 242-282.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  82. STALLMAN, R.M. 1979. Emacs: The extensible, customizable, self~documenting display editor. Tech. Rep. 519, MIT Artificial Intelligence Lab, Cambridge, Mass. Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  83. STEVENS, A., ROBERTS, B., AND STEAD, L. 1983. The use of a sophisticated graphics interface in computer-assisted instruction. IEEE Comput. Graph. Appl. 3, 2 (Mar./Apr.), 25-31.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  84. STRAUSS, P. S. AND CAREY, R. 1992. An object-oriented 3D graphics toolkit. In SIGGRAPH '92. Comput. Graph. 26, 2, 341-349. Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  85. SUKAVIRIYA, P. AND FOLEY, J.D. 1990. Coupling a UI framework with automatic generation of context-sensitive animated help. In ACM SIGGRAPH Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology, Proceedings UIST'90 (Snowbird, Utah, Oct.). ACM, New York, 152-166. Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  86. SUKAVIR1YA, N., KOVACEVIC, S., FOLEY, J., MYERS, B., OLSEN, D., AND SCHNEIDER-HUFSCHMIDT, M. 1994. Model-based user interfaces: What is it and why should I care? In ACM SIGGRAPH Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology, Proceedings UIST'94. ACM, New York, 133-135. Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  87. SUKAVIRIYA, P., FOLEY, J. D., AND GRIFFITH, T. 1993. A second generation user interface design environment: The model and the runtime architecture. In Human Factors in Computing Systems, Proceedings INTERCHI'93 (Amsterdam, Apr.). ACM, New York, 375-382. Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  88. SUTHERLAND, I. E., 1963. SketchPad: A man-machine graphical communication system. In AFIPS Spring Joint Computer Conference. AFIPS, Montvale, N.J., 329-346.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  89. SWINEHART, D., ZELLWEGER, P., BEACH, R., AND HAGMANN, R. 1986. A structural view of the Cedar programming environment. ACM Trans. Program. Lang. Syst. 8, 4 (Oct.), 419-490. Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  90. SZEKELY, P., Luo, P., AND NECHES, R. 1993. Beyond interface builders: Model-based interface tools. In Human Factors in Computing Systems, Proceedings INTERCHI'93 (Amsterdam, Apr.). 383-390. Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  91. TEITELMAN, W. 1979. A display oriented programmer's assistant. Int. J. Man Mach. Stud. 1I, 157-187. Also Xerox PARC Tech. Rep. CSL-77-3, Palo Alto, CA, March 8, 1977.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  92. TESLER, L. 1981. The Smalltalk environment. Byte Mag. 6, 8 (Aug.), 90 147.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  93. VANDER ZANDEN, B. AND MYERS, B.h. 1990. Automatic, look-and-feel independent dialog creation for graphical user interfaces. In Human Factors in Computtng Systems, Proceedings SIGCHI'90, (Seattle, Wash., Apr.). ACM, New York, 27-34. Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  94. VLISSIDES, J. M. AND LINTON, M.A. 1990. Unidraw: A framework for building domain-specific graphical editors. ACM Trans. Inf. Syst. 8, 3 (July), 204-236. Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  95. VLISSIDES, J. M. AND TANG, S. 1991. A Unidraw-based user interface builder. In ACM SIG- GRAPH Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology, Proceedings UIST'91. ACM, New York, 201-210. Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  96. WERNECKE, J. 1994. The Inventor Mentor. Addison-Wesley, Reading, Mass.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  97. WIECHA, C., BENNETT, W., BOLES, S., GOULD, J., AND GREENE, S. 1990. ITS: A tool for rapidly developing interactive applications. ACM Trans. Inf. Syst. 8, 3 (July), 204-236. Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  98. WIECHA, C., BOIES, S., GREEN, M., HUDSON, S., AND MYERS, B. 1989. Direct manipulation of programming: How should we design interfaces? In ACM SIGGRAPH Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology, Proceedings UIST'89 (Williamsburg, Va., Nov.). ACM, New York, 124-126. Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  99. WILDE, N. AND LEWIS, C. 1990. Spreadsheet-based interactive graphics: From prototype to tool. In Human Factors in Computing Systems, Proceedings SIGCHI'90. ACM, New York, 153-159. Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  100. WILSON, D. 1990. Programming with MacApp. Addison-Wesley, Reading, Mass. Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  101. X BUSINESS GROUP. 1994. Interface Development Technology. X Business Group, Inc., Fremont, Calif.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  102. ZELEZNIK, R. C., CONNER, D., WLOKA, M., ALIAGA, D., HUAN6, N., HUBBARD, P., KNEP, B., KAUFMAN, H., HUGHES, J., AND VAN DAM, A. 1991. An object-oriented framework for the integration of interactive animation techniques. In SIGGRAPH '91. Comput. Graph. 25, 4 (July), 105-112. Google ScholarGoogle Scholar

Index Terms

  1. User interface software tools

      Recommendations

      Comments

      Login options

      Check if you have access through your login credentials or your institution to get full access on this article.

      Sign in

      Full Access

      PDF Format

      View or Download as a PDF file.

      PDF

      eReader

      View online with eReader.

      eReader