Abstract
Opportunistic routing is widely known to have substantially better performance than unicast routing in wireless networks with lossy links. However, wireless sensor networks are usually duty cycled, that is, they frequently enter sleep states to ensure long network lifetime. This renders existing opportunistic routing schemes impractical, as they assume that nodes are always awake and can overhear other transmissions. In this article we introduce ORW, a practical opportunistic routing scheme for wireless sensor networks. ORW uses a novel opportunistic routing metric, EDC, that reflects the expected number of duty-cycled wakeups that are required to successfully deliver a packet from source to destination. We devise distributed algorithms that find the EDC-optimal forwarding and demonstrate using analytical performance models and simulations that EDC-based opportunistic routing results in significantly reduced delay and improved energy efficiency compared to traditional unicast routing. In addition, we evaluate the performance of ORW in both simulations and testbed-based experiments. Our results show that ORW reduces radio duty cycles on average by 50% (up to 90% on individual nodes) and delays by 30% to 90% when compared to the state-of-the-art.
- M. H. Alizai, O. Landsiedel, J. A. Bitsch Link, S. Gotz, and K. Wehrle. 2009. Bursty traffic over bursty links. In Proceedings of the ACM International Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems (SenSys'09). Google ScholarDigital Library
- G. Allen, P. Swieskowski, and M. Welsh. 2005. Motelab: A wireless sensor network testbed. In Proceedings of the ACM/IEEE International Conference on Information Processing in Sensor Networks (IPSN'05). Google ScholarDigital Library
- F. Ashref, R. H. Kravets, and N. H. Vaidya. 2010. Exploiting routing redundancy using MAC layer anycast to improve delay in WSN. SIGMOBILE Mobile Comput. Comm. Rev. 14, 49--51. Google ScholarDigital Library
- M. Autenrieth and H. Frey. 2011. PaderMAC: A low-power, low-latency MAC layer with opportunistic forwarding support for wireless sensor networks. In Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Ad-Hoc, Mobile, and Wireless Networks (ADHOC-NOW'11). Google ScholarDigital Library
- P. Basu and C.-K. Chau. 2008. Opportunistic forwarding in wireless networks with duty cycling. In Proceedings of the ACM Workshop on Challenged Networks (CHANTS'08). Google ScholarDigital Library
- A. Becher, O. Landsiedel, G. Kunz, and K. Wehrle. 2008. Towards short-term wireless link quality estimation. In Proceedings of the 5th ACM Workshop on Embedded Networked Sensors (HotEmNetS'08).Google Scholar
- S. Biswas and R. Morris. 2005. ExOR: Opportunistic multi-hop routing for wireless networks. In Proceedings of the Conference on Applications, Technologies, Architectures, and Protocols for Computer Communications (SigComm'05). Google ScholarDigital Library
- M. Buettner, G. V. Yee, E. Anderson, and R. Han. 2006. X-MAC: A short preamble MAC protocol for duty-cycled wireless sensor networks. In Proceedings of the ACM International Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems (SenSys'06). Google ScholarDigital Library
- S. Chachulski, M. Jennings, S. Katti, and D. Katabi. 2007. Trading structure for randomness in wireless opportunistic routing. In Proceedings of the Conference on Applications, Technologies, Architectures, and Protocols for Computer Communications (SigComm'07). Google ScholarDigital Library
- R. R. Choudhury and N. H. Vaidya. 2004. MAC-layer anycasting in ad hoc networks. ACM Comput. Comm. Rev. 34, 1, 75--80. Google ScholarDigital Library
- D. S. J. De Couto, D. Aguayo, J. Bicket, and R. Morris. 2003. A high-throughput path metric for multi-hop wireless routing. In Proceedings of the ACM International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking (MobiCom'03). Google ScholarDigital Library
- M. Doddavenkatappa, M. C. Chan, and A. Ananda. 2011. Indriya: A low-cost, 3D wireless sensor network testbed. In Proceedings of the International ICST Conference on Testbeds and Research Infrastructures for the Development of Networks and Communities (TridentCom'11).Google Scholar
- A. Dubois-Ferrie. 2006. Anypath routing. Ph.D. thesis, EPFL. http://infoscience.epfl.ch/record/89172.Google Scholar
- A. Dubois-Ferrie, M. Grossglauser, and M. Vetterli. 2011. Valuable detours: Least-cost anypath routing. IEEE/ACM Trans. Netw. 19, 2, 333--346. Google ScholarDigital Library
- S. Duquennoy, O. Landsiedel, and T. Voigt. 2013. Let the tree bloom: Scalable opportunistic routing with orpl. In Proceedings of the ACM International Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems (SenSys'13). Google ScholarDigital Library
- P. Dutta, S. Dawson-Haggerty, Y. Chen, C.-J. M. Liang, and A. Terzis. 2010. Design and evaluation of a versatile and efficient receiver-initiated link layer for low-power wireless. In Proceedings of the ACM International Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems (SenSys'10). Google ScholarDigital Library
- R. Fonseca, O. Gnawali, K. Jamieson, and P. Levis. 2007. Four bit wireless link estimation. In Proceedings of the Workshop on Hot Topics in Networks (HotNets'07).Google Scholar
- E. Ghadimi, O. Landsiedel, P. Soldati, and M. Johansson. 2012. A metric for opportunistic routing in duty cycled wireless sensor networks. In Proceedings of IEEE Communications Society Conference on Sensor, Mesh and Ad Hoc Communications and Networks (SECON'12).Google Scholar
- O. Gnawali, R. Fonseca, K. Jamieson, D. Moss, and P. Levis. 2009. Collection tree protocol. In Proceedings of the ACM International Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems (SenSys'09). Google ScholarDigital Library
- Y. Gu and T. He. 2007. Data forwarding in extremely low duty-cycle sensor networks with unreliable communication links. In Proceedings of the ACM International Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems (SenSys'07). Google ScholarDigital Library
- V. Handziski, A. Kopke, A. Willig, and A. Wolisz. 2006. TWIST: A scalable and reconfigurable testbed for wireless indoor experiments with sensor networks. In Proceedings of the International Workshop on Multi-Hop Ad Hoc Networks: From Theory to Reality (REALMAN'06). Google ScholarDigital Library
- M. Hansen, B. Kusy, R. Jurdak, and K. Langendoen. 2012. AutoSync: Automatic duty-cycle control for synchronous low-power listening. In Proceedings of the IEEE Communications Society Conference on Sensor, Mesh and Ad Hoc Communications and Networks (SECON'12).Google Scholar
- R. Jurdak, P. Baldi, and Lopes, C. Videir. 2007. Adaptive low power listening for wireless sensor networks. IEEE Trans. Mobile Comput. 6, 8, 988--1004. Google ScholarDigital Library
- D. Kim and M. Liu. 2008. Optimal stochastic routing in low duty-cycled wireless sensor networks. In Proceedings of the 4th Annual International Conference on Wireless Internet (WICON'08). Google ScholarDigital Library
- J. Kim, X. Lin, N. B. Shroff, and P. Sinha. 2008. On maximizing the lifetime of delay-sensitive wireless sensor networks with anycast. In Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Computer Communications (InfoCom'08).Google Scholar
- J. Kim, X. Lin, N. B. Shroff, and P. Sinha. 2010. Minimizing delay and maximizing lifetime for wireless sensor networks with anycast. IEEE/ACM Trans. Netw. 18, 515--528. Google ScholarDigital Library
- O. Landsiedel, E. Ghadimi, S. Duquennoy, and M. Johansson. 2012. Low power, low delay: Opportunistic routing meets duty cycling. In Proceedings of the 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Information Processing in Sensor Networks (IPSN'12). Google ScholarDigital Library
- P. Larsson. 2001. Selection diversity forwarding in a multihop packet radio network with fading channel and capture. ACM Mobile Comput. Comm. Rev. 5, 47--54. Google ScholarDigital Library
- S. Liu, K.-W. Fan, and P. Sinha. 2007. CMAC: An energy efficient MAC layer protocol using convergent packet forwarding for wireless sensor networks. In Proceedings of IEEE Communications Society Conference on Sensor, Mesh and Ad Hoc Communications and Networks (SECON'07).Google Scholar
- S. Liu, K.-W. Fan, and P. Sinha. 2009. CMAC: An energy-efficient MAC layer protocol using convergent packet forwarding for wireless sensor networks. ACM Trans. Sensor Netw. 5, 29:1--29:34. Google ScholarDigital Library
- S. Liu, M. Sha, and L. Huang. 2010. ORAS: Opportunistic routing with asynchronous sleep in wireless sensor networks. In Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Future Computer and Communication (ICFCC'10).Google Scholar
- T. Liu and A. Cerpa. 2011. Foresee (4C): Wireless link prediction using link features. In Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Information Processing in Sensor Networks (IPSN'10).Google Scholar
- T. Liu and A. Cerpa. 2012. TALENT: Temporal adaptive link estimator with no training. In Proceedings of the ACM International Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems (SenSys'12). Google ScholarDigital Library
- M. Lu and J. Wu. 2009. Opportunistic routing algebra and its applications. In Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Computer Communications (InfoCom'09).Google Scholar
- X. Mao, S. Tang, X. Xu, X. Li, and H. Ma. 2011. Energy-efficient opportunistic routing in wireless sensor networks. IEEE Trans. Parallel Distrib. Syst. 22, 11, 1934--1942. Google ScholarDigital Library
- A. F. Meier, M. Woehrle, M. Zimmerling, and L. Thiele. 2010. Zerocal: Automatic MAC protocol calibration. In Proceedings of 6th IEEE International Conference on Distributed Computing in Sensor Systems (DCOSS'10). Google ScholarDigital Library
- S. Moeller, A. Sridharan, B. Krishnamachari, and O. Gnawali. 2010. Routing without routes: The backpressure collection protocol. In Proceedings of the ACM/IEEE International Conference on Information Processing in Sensor Networks (IPSN'10). Google ScholarDigital Library
- D. Moss and P. Levis. 2008. BoX-macs: Exploiting physical and link layer boundaries in low-power networking. Tech. rep, SING-08-00, Stanford.Google Scholar
- V. Paruchuri, S. Basavaraju, A. Durresi, R. Kannan, and S. Iyengar. 2004. Random asynchronous wakeup protocol for sensor networks. In Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Broadband Networks (BroadNets'04). Google ScholarDigital Library
- B. Pavkovic, F. Theoleyre, and A. Duda. 2011. Multipath opportunistic rpl routing over IEEE 802.15.4. In Proceedings of the ACM International Conference on Modeling, Analysis and Simulation of Wireless and Mobile Systems (MSWiM'11). Google ScholarDigital Library
- J. Polastre, J. Hill, and D. Culler. 2004. Versatile low power media access for wireless sensor networks. In Proceedings of the ACM International Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems (Sen-Sys'04). Google ScholarDigital Library
- D. Puccinelli, M. Zuniga, S. Giordano, and P. J. Marron. 2012. Broadcast-free collection protocol. In Proceedings of the ACM International Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems (SenSys'12). Google ScholarDigital Library
- G. Schaefer, F. Ingelrest, and M. Vetterli. 2009. Potentials of opportunistic routing in energy-constrained wireless sensor networks. In Proceedings of the European Conference on Wireless Sensor Networks (EWSN'09). Google ScholarDigital Library
- K. Srinivasan, M. Jain, J. I. Choi, T. Azim, E. S. Kim, P. Levis, and B. Rishnamachari. 2010. The factor: Inferring protocol performance using inter-link reception correlation. In Proceedings of the ACM International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking (MobiCom'10). Google ScholarDigital Library
- K. Srinivasan, M. A. Kazandjieva, S. Agarwal, and P. Levis. 2008. The β factor: Measuring wireless link burstiness. In Proceedings of the ACM International Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems (SenSys'08). Google ScholarDigital Library
- S. Unterschutz, C. Renner, and V. Turau. 2012. Opportunistic, receiver-initiated data-collection protocol. In Proceedings of the European Conference on Wireless Sensor Networks (EWSN'12). Google ScholarDigital Library
- J. Vanhie-Van Gerwen, E. De Poorter, B. Latre, I. Moerman, and P. Demeester. 2010. Real-life performance of protocol combinations for wireless sensor networks. In Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Sensor Networks, Ubiquitous, and Trustworthy Computing (SUTC'10). Google ScholarDigital Library
- T. Winter, P. Thubert, A. Brandt, J. Hui, R. Kelsey, P. Levis, K. Pister, R. Struik, J. Vasseur, and R. Alexander. 2012. RPL: IPv6 routing protocol for low-power and lossy networks. RFC 6550 (proposed standard). http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6550.Google Scholar
- A. Woo, T. Tong, and D. Culler. 2003. Taming the underlying challenges of reliable multihop routing in sensor networks. In Proceedings of the ACM International Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems (SenSys'03). Google ScholarDigital Library
- Y. Xue, M. Vuran, and B. Ramamurthy. 2010. Cost efficiency of anycast-based forwarding in duty-cycled WSNS with lossy channel. In Proceedings of the IEEE Communications Society Conference on Sensor, Mesh and Ad Hoc Communications and Networks (SECON'10).Google Scholar
- W. Ye, F. Silva, and J. Heidemann. 2006. Ultra-low duty cycle MAC with scheduled channel polling. In Proceedings of the ACM International Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems (SenSys'06). Google ScholarDigital Library
- Z. Zhong and S. Nelakuditi. 2007. On the efficacy of opportunistic routing. In Proceedings of the IEEE Communications Society Conference on Sensor, Mesh and Ad Hoc Communications and Networks (SECON'07).Google Scholar
- M. Zorzi and R. R. Rao. 2003a. Geographic random forwarding (geraf) for ad hoc and sensor networks: Energy and latency performance. IEEE Trans. Mobile Comput. 2, 349--365. Google ScholarDigital Library
- M. Zorzi and R. R. Rao. 2003b. Geographic random forwarding (geraf) for ad hoc and sensor networks: Multihop performance. IEEE Trans. Mobile Comput. 2, 337--348. Google ScholarDigital Library
Index Terms
- Opportunistic Routing in Low Duty-Cycle Wireless Sensor Networks
Recommendations
Opportunistic flooding in low-duty-cycle wireless sensor networks with unreliable links
MobiCom '09: Proceedings of the 15th annual international conference on Mobile computing and networkingIntended for network-wide dissemination of commands, configurations and code binaries, flooding has been investigated extensively in wireless networks. However, little work has yet been done on low-duty-cycle wireless sensor networks in which nodes stay ...
Energy-Efficient Opportunistic Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks
Opportunistic routing [2], [3] has been shown to improve the network throughput, by allowing nodes that overhear the transmission and closer to the destination to participate in forwarding packets, i.e., in forwarder list. The nodes in forwarder list ...
Opportunistic routing in wireless ad hoc networks: upper bounds for the packet propagation speed
Special issue on stochastic geometry and random graphs for the analysis and designof wireless networksClassical routing strategies for mobile ad hoc networks operate in a hop by hop "push mode" basis: packets are forwarded on pre-determined relay nodes, according to previously and independently established link performance metrics (e.g., using hellos or ...
Comments