skip to main content
research-article

Ink-and-ray: Bas-relief meshes for adding global illumination effects to hand-drawn characters

Published:08 April 2014Publication History
Skip Abstract Section

Abstract

We present a new approach for generating global illumination renderings of hand-drawn characters using only a small set of simple annotations. Our system exploits the concept of bas-relief sculptures, making it possible to generate 3D proxies suitable for rendering without requiring side-views or extensive user input. We formulate an optimization process that automatically constructs approximate geometry sufficient to evoke the impression of a consistent 3D shape. The resulting renders provide the richer stylization capabilities of 3D global illumination while still retaining the 2D hand-drawn look-and-feel. We demonstrate our approach on a varied set of hand-drawn images and animations, showing that even in comparison to ground-truth renderings of full 3D objects, our bas-relief approximation is able to produce convincing global illumination effects, including self-shadowing, glossy reflections, and diffuse color bleeding.

Skip Supplemental Material Section

Supplemental Material

a16-sidebyside.mp4

mp4

13.1 MB

References

  1. E. D. Andersen and K. D. Andersen. 2000. The Mosek interior point optimizer for linear programming: An implementation of the homogeneous algorithm. In High Performance Optimization, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 197--232.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  2. J. Andrews, P. Joshi, and N. A. Carr. 2011. A linear variational system for modelling from curves. Comput. Graph. Forum 30, 6, 1850--1861.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  3. P. N. Belhumeur, D. J. Kriegman, and A. L. Yuille. 1999. The bas-relief ambiguity. Int. J. Comput. Vis. 35, 1, 33--44 Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  4. B.-Y. Chen, Y. Ono, and T. Nishita. 2005. Character animation creation using hand-drawn sketches. Vis. Comput. 21, 8--10, 551--558.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  5. F. Cole, P. Isola, W. T. Freeman, F. Durand, and E. H. Adelson. 2012. Shapecollage: Occlusion-aware, example-based shape interpretation. In Proceedings of the European Conference on Computer Vision. 665--678. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  6. H. A. David. 1988. The Method of Paired Comparisons 2nd Ed. Oxford University Press.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  7. D. Geiger, H.-K. Pao, and N. Rubin. 1998. Salient and multiple illusory surfaces. In Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition. 118--124. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  8. Y. Gingold, T. Igarashi, and D. Zorin. 2009. Structured annotations for 2D-to-3D modeling. ACM Trans. Graph. 28, 5. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  9. Y. Hochberg and A. C. Tamhane. 1987. Multiple Comparison Procedures 1st Ed. Wiley. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  10. T. Igarashi, S. Matsuoka, and H. Tanaka. 1999. Teddy: A sketching interface for 3D freeform design. In Proceedings of the 26th Annual Conference on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques. 409--416. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  11. O. Jamriška, D. Sýkora, and A. Hornung. 2012. Cache-efficient graph cuts on structured grids. In Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (SIGGRAPH'12). 3673--3680. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  12. S. Jeschke, D. Cline, and P. Wonka. 2009. A GPU laplacian solver for diffusion curves and poisson image editing. ACM Trans. Graphics 28, 5, 116. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  13. S. F. Johnston. 2002. Lumo: Illumination for cel animation. In Proceedings of the International Symposium on Non-Photorealistic Animation and Rendering. 45--52. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  14. P. Joshi and N. A. Carr. 2008. Repousse: Automatic inflation of 2D artwork. In Proceedings of the Eurographics Workshop on Sketch-Based Interfaces and Modeling. 49--55. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  15. J. T. Kajiya. 1986. The rendering equation. SIGGRAPH Comput. Graph. 20, 4, 143--150. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  16. O. A. Karpenko and J. F. Hughes. 2006. SmoothSketch: 3D free-form shapes from complex sketches. ACM Trans. Graph. 25, 3, 589--598. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  17. E. A. Khan, E. Reinhard, R. Fleming, and H. Buelthoff. 2006. Image-based material editing. ACM Trans. Graph. 25, 3, 654--663. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  18. J. Lopez-Moreno, J. Jimenez, S. Hadap, E. Reinhard, K. Anjyo, and D. Gutierrez. 2010. Stylized depiction of images based on depth perception. In Proceedings of the International Symposium on Non-Photorealistic Animation and Rendering. 109--118. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  19. J. Malik. 1986. Interpreting line drawings of curved objects. Ph.D. dissertation, Stanford University. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  20. D. C. Mongomery and G. C. Runger. 1999. Applied, Statistics, and, Probability, for, Engineers 2nd Ed. John Wiley and Sons.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  21. A. Nealen, T. Igarashi, O. Sorkine, and M. Alexa. 2007. FiberMesh: Designing freeform surfaces with 3D curves. ACM Trans. Graph. 26, 3. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  22. G. Noris, D. Sýkora, A. Shamir, S. Coros, B. Whited, M. Simmons, A. Hornung, M. Gross, and R. Sumner. 2012. Smart scribbles for sketch segmentation. Comput. Graph. Forum 31, 8, 2516--2527. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  23. M. Okabe, G. Zeng, Y. Matsushita, T. Igarashi, L. Quan, and H.-Y. Shum. 2006. Single-view relighting with normal map painting. In Proceedings of the Pacific Conference on Computer Graphics and Applications. 27--34.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  24. L. Olsen, F. Samavati, and J. A. Jorge. 2011. NaturaSketch: Modeling from images and natural sketches. IEEE Comput. Graph. Appl. 31, 6, 24--34. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  25. Y. Ono, B.-Y. Chen, and T. Nishita. 2004. 3D character model creation from cel animation. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Cyberworlds. 210--215. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  26. A. Orzan, A. Bousseau, H. Winnemöller, P. Barla, J. Thollot, and D. Salesin. 2008. Diffusion curves: A vector representation for smooth-shaded images. ACM Trans. Graph. 27, 3. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  27. Y. Ostrovsky, P. Cavanagh, and P. Sinha. 2005. Perceiving illumination inconsistencies. Percept. 34, 11, 1301--1314.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  28. S. G. Parker, J. Bigler, A. Dietrich, H. Friedrich, J. Hoberock, D. Luebke, D. McAllister, M. McGuire, K. Morley, A. Robison, and M. Stich. 2010. OptiX: A general purpose ray tracing engine. ACM Trans. Graph. 29, 4. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  29. L. Petrović, B. Fujito, L. Williams, and A. Finkelstein. 2000. Shadows for cel animation. In Proceedings of the 27th Annual Conference on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques (SIGGRAPH'00). 511--516. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  30. H. Read. 1961. The Art of Sculpture 2nd Ed. Bollingen Foundation, New York.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  31. M. W. Ren, J. Y. Yang, and H. Sun. 2002. Tracing boundary contours in a binary image. Image Vis. Comput. 20, 2, 125--131.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  32. A. Rivers, T. Igarashi, and F. Durand. 2010. 2.5D cartoon models. ACM Trans. Graph. 29, 4, Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  33. C. Shao, A. Bousseau, A. Sheffer, and K. Singh. 2012. CrossShade: Shading concept sketches using cross-section curves. ACM Trans. Graph. 31, 4. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  34. J. R. Shewchuk. 1996. Triangle: Engineering a 2D quality mesh generator and delaunay triangulator. In Proceedings of the ACM Workshop on Applied Computational Geometry. 203--222. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  35. J. R. Shewchuk. 2002. Delaunay refinement algorithms for triangular mesh generation. Comput. Geometry: Theory Appl. 22, 1--3, 21--74. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  36. D. Sýkora, M. Ben-Chen, M. Čadík, B. Whited, and M. Simmons. 2011. TexToons: Practical texture mapping for hand-drawn cartoon animations. In Proceedings of the International Symposium on Non-Photorealistic Animation and Rendering. 75--83. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  37. D. Sýkora, J. Buriánek, and J. Žára. 2005. Colorization of black-and-white cartoons. Image Vis. Comput. 23, 9, 767--782. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  38. D. Sýkora, J. Dingliana, and S. Collins. 2009a. As-rigid-as-possible image registration for hand-drawn cartoon animations. In Proceedings of the International Symposium on Non-photorealistic Animation and Rendering. 25--33. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  39. D. Sýkora, J. Dingliana, and S. Collins. 2009b. LazyBrush: Flexible painting tool for hand-drawn cartoons. Comput. Graph. Forum 28, 2, 599--608.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  40. D. Sýkora, D. Sedláček, S. Jinchao, J. Dingliana, and S. Collins. 2010. Adding depth to cartoons using sparse depth (in)equalities. Comput. Graph. Forum 29, 2, 615--623.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  41. B. G. Tabachnick and L. S. Fidell. 2007. Using Multivariate Statistics 5th Ed. Pearson Education. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  42. C. Toler-Franklin, A. Finkelstein, and S. Rusinkiewicz. 2007. Illustration of complex real-world objects using images with normals. In Proceedings of the International Symposium on Non-Photorealistic Animation and Rendering. 111--119. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  43. R. Vergne, P. Barla, R. W. Fleming, and X. Granier. 2012. Surface flows for image-based shading design. ACM Trans. Graph. 31, 4. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  44. Y. Wang, Y. Chen, J. Z. Liu, and X. Tang. 2009. 3D reconstruction of curved objects from single 2D line drawings. In Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition. 1834--1841.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  45. T. Weyrich, J. Deng, C. Barnes, S. Rusinkiewicz, and A. Finkelstein. 2007. Digital bas-relief from 3D scenes. ACM Trans. Graph. 26, 3. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  46. H. Winnemöller, A. Orzan, L. Boissieux, and J. Thollot. 2009. Texture design and draping in 2D images. Comput. Graph. Forum 28, 4, 1091--1099. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library

Index Terms

  1. Ink-and-ray: Bas-relief meshes for adding global illumination effects to hand-drawn characters

        Recommendations

        Comments

        Login options

        Check if you have access through your login credentials or your institution to get full access on this article.

        Sign in

        Full Access

        • Published in

          cover image ACM Transactions on Graphics
          ACM Transactions on Graphics  Volume 33, Issue 2
          March 2014
          135 pages
          ISSN:0730-0301
          EISSN:1557-7368
          DOI:10.1145/2603314
          Issue’s Table of Contents

          Copyright © 2014 ACM

          Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for components of this work owned by others than ACM must be honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee. Request permissions from [email protected]

          Publisher

          Association for Computing Machinery

          New York, NY, United States

          Publication History

          • Published: 8 April 2014
          • Accepted: 1 December 2013
          • Revised: 1 November 2013
          • Received: 1 August 2013
          Published in tog Volume 33, Issue 2

          Permissions

          Request permissions about this article.

          Request Permissions

          Check for updates

          Qualifiers

          • research-article
          • Research
          • Refereed

        PDF Format

        View or Download as a PDF file.

        PDF

        eReader

        View online with eReader.

        eReader