Manuela Aparicio
Fernando Bacao
ABSTRACT
Massive open online courses (MOOCs) are black swans. A black swan is an unexpected event that emerges from reality and alters the reality itself. MOOCs have affected supply and demand in higher education. MOOCs distribute knowledge, classes on many areas of expertise for free. Millions of users, from all over the world are enrolling MOOCs courses. Universities are sharing resources and knowledge in the Internet no matter who or why. This paradigm shift has an impact on people's life. So, how can universities survive if they are giving knowledge for free? This paper presents a literature review on MOOCs. We also modulate this reality to minimize the jeopardy and maximize the good opportunities that MOOCs bring.
- D. Cormier, "Seven black swans for education in 2012 | Dave's Educational Blog," Dave's Educational Blog, 2011. {Online}. Available: http://davecormier.com/edblog/2011/12/19/top-ten-blackswans/. {Accessed: 11-Mar-2014}.Google Scholar
- N. N. Taleb, The Black Swan: The Impact of the Highly Improbable. Penguin UK, 2008. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Google, "Google Scholar," 2014. {Online}. Available: http://scholar.google.com. {Accessed: 18-Feb-2014}.Google Scholar
- D. Cormier, "The CCK08 MOOC--Connectivism course, 1/4 way," Dave's Educ. Blog, vol. 2, 2008.Google Scholar
- J. Daniel, "Making Sense of MOOCs: Musings in a Maze of Myth, Paradox and Possibility," J. Interact. Media Educ., vol. 3, no. 0, Dec. 2012.Google Scholar
- A. McAuley, B. Stewart, G. Siemens, and D. Cormie, "The MOOC Model for Digital Practice." 2010.Google Scholar
- M. J. Rosenberg, Beyond E-Learning: Approaches and Technologies to Enhance Organizational Knowledge, Learning, and Performance. John Wiley & Sons, 2005.Google Scholar
- A. Morri, "A bright future for distance learning: One Touch/Hughes alliance promotes interactive 'e-learning' service," Connected Planet Online, 17-Nov-1997.Google Scholar
- D. Cormier, "The Original MOOCs: Introduction to Openness in Education," 2008. {Online}. Available: https://learn.canvas.net/courses/4/wiki/the-original-moocs. {Accessed: 08-Mar-2014}.Google Scholar
- D. Cormier, Rhizomatic Education: Community as Curriculum. 2008.Google Scholar
- T. Bates, "What's right and what's wrong about Courserastyle MOOCs," Online learning and distance education resources, 05-Aug-2012. {Online}. Available: http://www.tonybates.ca/2012/08/05/whats-right-and-whats-wrong-about-coursera-style-moocs/. {Accessed: 20-Mar-2013}.Google Scholar
- O. Rodriguez, "The concept of openness behind c and xMOOCs (Massive Open Online Courses)," Open Prax., vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 67--73, Jan. 2013.Google ScholarCross Ref
- A. Fox, "From MOOCs to SPOCs," Commun. ACM, vol. 56, no. 12, pp. 38--40, Dec. 2013. Google ScholarDigital Library
- G. Siemens, "Connectivism: A learning theory for the digital age. elearnspace," Dec-2012. {Online}. Available: http://www.webcitation.org/5bCzNxTAn. {Accessed: 26-Feb-2014}.Google Scholar
- O. Rodriguez, "MOOCs and the AI-Stanford like Courses: Two Successful and Distinct Course Formats for Massive Open Online Courses," Eur. J. Open Distance E-Learn., pp. 67--73, Jul. 2012.Google Scholar
- S. Kolowich, "U. of Maine campus experiments with small-scale, high-touch open courses | Inside Higher Ed," 2012. {Online}. Available: http://www.insidehighered.com/news/2012/09/06/u-maine-campus-experiments-small-scale-high-touch-open-courses. {Accessed: 13-Feb-2014}.Google Scholar
- A. Balsamo, P. Boyer, M. Fernandes, R. Gajjala, S. Irish, A. Juhasz, E. Losh, J. Rault, and L. Wexler, "FemTechNet Whitepaper | FemTechNet," 2013.Google Scholar
- "Major Players in the MOOC Universe - The Digital Campus 2013 - The Chronicle of Higher Education." {Online}. Available: http://chronicle.com/article/Major-Players-in-the-MOOC/138817/. {Accessed: 08-Mar-2014}.Google Scholar
- UDACITY, "About Us - Udacity," 2014. {Online}. Available: https://www.udacity.com/us. {Accessed: 12-Mar-2014}.Google Scholar
- Coursera, "Coursera," 2014. {Online}. Available: https://www.coursera.org/. {Accessed: 12-Mar-2014}.Google Scholar
- edX, "edX - online courses and classes from the world's best," 2014. {Online}. Available: https://www.edx.org/. {Accessed: 12-Mar-2014}.Google Scholar
- Khan Academy, "Khan Academy," 2014. {Online}. Available: https://www.khanacademy.org/. {Accessed: 12-Mar-2014}.Google Scholar
- Udemy, "Online Courses - Anytime, Anywhere | Udemy," 2014. {Online}. Available: https://www.udemy.com/. {Accessed: 12-Mar-2014}.Google Scholar
- "What You Need to Know About MOOCs - Technology - The Chronicle of Higher Education." {Online}. Available: http://chronicle.com/article/What-You-Need-to-Know-About/133475/. {Accessed: 12-Mar-2014}.Google Scholar
- N. N. Taleb, The black swan: the impact of the highly improbable. New York: Random House Trade Paperbacks, 2010. Google ScholarDigital Library
- K. Jordan, "MOOC Completion Rates: The Data." 2013.Google Scholar
- "The attack of the MOOCs," The Economist, 20-Jul-2013.Google Scholar
- P. J. Carruth and A. K. Carruth, "Educational And Financial Impact Of Technology On Workforce Development.," Am. J. Bus. Educ., vol. 6, no. 5, 2013.Google Scholar
- C. Dellarocas and M. Van Alstyne, "Money models for MOOCs," Commun. ACM, vol. 56, no. 8, p. 25, Aug. 2013. Google ScholarDigital Library
- The Chronicle of Higher Education, "25 Years of Declining State Support for Public Colleges - News - The Chronicle of Higher Education," 2014. {Online}. Available: http://chronicle.com/article/25-Years-of-Declining-State/144973?cid=megamenu. {Accessed: 12-Mar-2014}.Google Scholar
- D. Gifford, "A look at online education: Coursera, EdX and Udacity," Stanford Daily, 2013. {Online}. Available: http://www.stanforddaily.com/2013/01/30/a-look-at-online-education-coursera-edx-and-udacity/. {Accessed: 12-Mar-2014}.Google Scholar
- C. Anderson, Free: The Future of a Radical Price. Random House, 2010. Google ScholarDigital Library
- L. Hyde, The Gift: How the Creative Spirit Transforms the World. Canongate Books, 2006.Google Scholar
- A. Osterwalder, "The Business Model Ontology: A Proposition in a Design Science," 2004.Google Scholar
- J. Gordijn, A. Osterwalder, and Y. Pigneur, "Comparing two business model ontologies for designing e-business models and value constellations," Proc. 18th Bled EConference Bled Slov., pp. 6--8, 2005.Google Scholar
- A. Osterwalder and Y. Pigneur, Business Model Generation: A Handbook for Visionaries, Game Changers, and Challengers, 1st ed. Wiley, 2010.Google Scholar
- A. Fini, "The Technological Dimension of a Massive Open Online Course: The Case of the CCK08 Course Tools," Int. Rev. Res. Open Distance Learn., vol. 10, no. 5, Nov. 2009.Google ScholarCross Ref
- S. Downes, "Places to go: Connectivism & connective knowledge," 2008..Google Scholar
- G. Christensen, A. Steinmetz, B. Alcorn, A. Bennett, D. Woods, and E. J. Emanuel, "The MOOC Phenomenon: Who Takes Massive Open Online Courses and Why?," Social Science Research Network, Rochester, NY, SSRN Scholarly Paper ID 2350964, Nov. 2013.Google Scholar
- S. Kolowwich, "MOOCs May Not Be So Disruptive After All - Technology - The Chronicle of Higher Education," 2013. {Online}. Available: http://chronicle.com/article/MOOCs-May-Not-Be-So-Disruptive/140965/. {Accessed: 12-Mar-2014}.Google Scholar
- L. Yuan, S. Powell, and B. Olivier, "Beyond MOOCs: Sustainable Online Learning in Institutions | cetis publications," 2014.Google Scholar
- W. Bernhard, N. Bittel, S. Van Der Vlies, M. Bettoni, and N. Roth, "The MOOCs Business Model," Procedia - Soc. Behav. Sci., vol. 106, pp. 2931--2937, Dec. 2013.Google ScholarCross Ref
- E. Wenger, Communities of Practice: Learning, Meaning, and Identity, 1st ed. Cambridge University Press, 1999.Google Scholar
Index Terms
- MOOC's business models: turning black swans into gray swans
Recommendations
Using MOOC technology and formative assessment in a conceptual modelling course: an experience report
MODELS '18: Proceedings of the 21st ACM/IEEE International Conference on Model Driven Engineering Languages and Systems: Companion ProceedingsOnline and blended learning are employed by educators in a wide variety of fields, from literature to computer science, from medicine to astronomy. However, online and, specifically, MOOC and SPOC technologies are still not widespread in the field of ...
The role of quality factors in supporting self-regulated learning (SRL) skills in MOOC environment
AbstractAs a crucial factor that affects the learning performance in MOOC, self-regulated learning (SRL) has elicited considerable interest. Self-regulated learners can manage their learning activities efficiently, however, researchers indicate that MOOC ...
Perception of MOOC Pedagogical Tools and Learners' Learning Styles in MOOC Blended Teaching: a Case Study
ICEBT '19: Proceedings of the 2019 3rd International Conference on E-Education, E-Business and E-TechnologyRapid development has been achieved since the emergence of MOOC in 2008, but there are still many defects in the popularization of MOOC. Developing blended teaching by utilizing is considered to be one of effective means to overcome these shortcomings. ...
Comments