D. A. Knox
Skip Abstract Section
Abstract
We discriminate between different SiLabs IEEE 802.15.4 2.4GHz RF sources using the Ettus Labs USRP1 Software-Defined Radio. The wireless fingerprinting method implemented on the USRP1 device exploits differences in the phase attributes of demodulated data samples. The method does not require the use of expensive spectrum analyzer equipment and the associated high sampling and processing rates with such equipment. Instead, data sample inputs are used, sampled at a rate of 4MHz. This makes implementation using real Wireless Sensor Network nodes feasible and allows wireless fingerprints to be gathered inside each node in a network. This is important since wireless fingerprints degrade over distance, making distributed implementations more attractive. With our method, the USRP1 classifies accurately over a wide range of network conditions, including time and transmission distance. Performance is also stable for different receiving devices. We achieve average classification accuracies of 99.6% at short range, 95.3% at medium range, and 81.9% at long range when classifying a limited sample of five devices from the same manufacturer.
- Colin Boyd and Anish Mathuri. 2003. Protocols for Authentication and Key Establishment. Springer-Verlag. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-09527-0Google Scholar
- Vladimir Brik, Suman Banerjee, Marco Gruteser, and Sango Oh. 2008. Wireless device identification with radiometric signatures. In Proceedings of Mobicom 2008. 116--127. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1409944.1409959 Google ScholarDigital Library
- Chen Chan and M. A. Jensen. 2010. Secret key establishment using temporally and spatially correlated wireless channel coefficients. IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing 10, 2 (2011), 205--215. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TMC.2010.114 Google ScholarDigital Library
- Hao Chen and Yajun Guo. 2009. A key agreement scheme based on bilinear pairing for wireless sensor network. In Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Dependable, Autonomic and Secure Computing (DASC’09). 384--388. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/DASC.2009.9 Google ScholarDigital Library
- Taehwan Choi, H. B. Acharya, and Mohamed G. Gouda. 2011. The best keying protocol for sensor networks. In Proceedings of IEEE International Symposium on a World of Wireless, Mobile and Multimedia Networks (WOWMOM’11). 1--6. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/WoWMoM.2011.5986163 Google ScholarDigital Library
- William E. Cobb, Eric D. Lapse, Rusty O. Baldwin, Michael A. Temple, and Yong C. Kim. 2012. Intrinsic physical layer authentication of integrated circuits. IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security 7, 1, 14--24. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TIFS.2011.2160170 Google ScholarDigital Library
- Boris Danev, Davide Zanetti, and Srdjan Capkun. 2012. On physical-layer identification of wireless devices. ACM Computing Surveys, 45, 1 (Nov. 2012), Article 6, 31 pages. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2379776.2379782 Google ScholarDigital Library
- Ettus Research. 2007. USRP1 Software-Defined Radio. Retrieved December 1, 2007, from http://www.ettus.com/downloads/ettus_ds_usrp_v7.pdf.Google Scholar
- Ettus Research. 2014. RFX2400 2.3--2.9 GHz Rx/Tx. Retrieved October 20, 2014, from https://www.ettus.com/product/details/RFX2400.Google Scholar
- Floyd M. Gardner. 1986. A BPSK/QPSK timing error detector for sampling receivers. IEEE Transactions on Communications, COM-34, 5, 423--429. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TCOM.1986.1096561Google ScholarCross Ref
- GNU Radio User Community. 2014. GNU Radio. Retrieved October 10, 2012, from http://www.gnuradio.org.Google Scholar
- Jeyanthi Hall, Michel Barbeau, and Evangelos Kranakis. 2003. Detection of transient in radio frequency fingerprinting using signal phase. In Proceedings of the 3rd IASTED International Conference on Wireless and Optical Communications. 13--18.Google Scholar
- Simon Haykin and Michael Moher. 2004. Modern Wireless Communications. Pearson Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey. Google ScholarDigital Library
- A. K. M. Mahtab Hossain, Yunye Jin, Wee-Seng Soh, and Hien Nguyen Van. 2011. SSD: A robust RF location fingerprint addressing mobile devices’ heterogeneity. IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing 12, 1, 65--77. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TMC.2011.243 Google ScholarDigital Library
- IEEE Computer Society. 2006. IEEE Std 802.15.4--2006. New York, NY. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/IEEESTD.2006.232110Google Scholar
- Haley M. Jones, Anindita Saha, and Thushara D. Abhayapala. 2003. The effect of finite antenna separation on the performance of spatial diversity receivers. In Proceedings of 7th International Symposium on Signal Processing and Its Applications, 2, 515--518. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ISSPA.2003.1224927Google Scholar
- David A. Knox. 2013. Measuring Wireless Fingerprints Inside a Wireless Sensor Network. Doctoral Thesis, Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada.Google Scholar
- Cynthia Kuo, Mark Luk, Rohit Negi, and Adrian Perrig. 2007. Message-in-a-bottle: User-friendly and secure key deployment for sensor nodes. In Proceedings of ACM International Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems (SENSYS’07). 233--246. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1322263.1322286 Google ScholarDigital Library
- Ming Li, Shucheng Yu, Wenjing Lou, and Kui Ren. 2010. Group device pairing based secure sensor association and key management for body area networks. In Proceedings of IEEE Conference on Information Communications (INFOCOM’10). 2651--2659. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Xiao Liang, Larry J. Greenstein, Narayan B. Mandayam, and Wade Trappe. 2008. Using the physical layer for wireless authentication in time-variant channels. IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications 7, 7, 2571--2579. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TWC.2008.070194 Google ScholarDigital Library
- Wenbo Mao. 2004. Modern Cryptography Theory and Practice (4th ed.). Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey.Google Scholar
- Rene Mayrhofer and Hans Gellersen. 2007. “Shake Well Before Use”: Authentication based on accelerometer data. In Pervasive Computing 2007. LNCS 4480. 144--161. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Kurt H. Mueller and Markus S. Müller. 1976. Timing recovery in digital synchronous data receivers. IEEE Transactions on Communications, COM-24, 5, 516--531. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TCOM.1976.1093326Google ScholarCross Ref
- Elizabeth D. Mynatt, Anne-Sophie Melenhorst, Arthur D. Fisk, and Wendy A. Rogers. 2004. Aware technologies for aging in place: Understanding user needs and attitudes. IEEE Pervasive Computing 3, 2, 36--41. DOI:http://doi.ieeecomputersociety.org/10.1109/MPRV.2004.1316816 Google ScholarDigital Library
- Rohan Nanda, Shobhit Tiwari, and P. Venkata Krishna. 2011. Secure and efficient key management scheme for wireless sensor networks. In Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Electronics Computer Technology (ICECT), 58--61. Kanyakumari, India. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ICECTECH.2011.5941956Google Scholar
- National Aging in Place Council. National Aging in Place Council. 2010. Retrieved January 3 2010, from http://www.ageinplace.org/.Google Scholar
- George Nychis. 2009. Comprehensive GNU Radio Archive Network: CMU_MACS. Retrieved November 12, 2009, from https://www.cgran.org/wiki/CMUmacs.Google Scholar
- Neal Patwari, Jessica Croft, Suman Jana, and Sneha K. Kasera. 2010. High-rate uncorrelated bit extraction for shared secret key generation from channel measurements. IEEE Transactions on Mobile Communications 9, 1, 17--30. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TMC.2009.88 Google ScholarDigital Library
- Qiang Qiu, Tieyan Li, and Jit Biswas. 2005. Improving sensor network security with information quality. ESAS 2005. LNCS 3813, 68--79. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Kasper Bonne Rasmussen and Srdjan Capkun. 2007. Implications of radio fingerprinting on the security of sensor networks. In Proceedings of Security and Privacy in Communications Networks. 1--10. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/SECCOM.2007.4550352Google ScholarCross Ref
- Saeed Ur Rehman, Kevin Sowerby, and Colin Coghill. 2012. RF fingerprint extraction from the energy envelope of an instantaneous transient signal. In Proceedings of Australian Communications Theory Workshop 2012. 90--95. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/AusCTW.2012.6164912Google ScholarCross Ref
- Kui Ren, Hai Su, and Qian Wang. 2011. Secret key generation exploiting channel characteristics in wireless communications. IEEE Wireless Communications 18, 4, 6--12. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/MWC.2011.5999759Google ScholarCross Ref
- Paul C. A. Roberts. 2008. Understanding phase noise in RF and microwave calibration applications. NCSL International Workshop and Symposium. 1--8. Retrieved October 12, 2014, from http://support.fluke.com/calibration-sales/Download/Asset/9010168_ENG_A_W.PDF.Google Scholar
- Thomas Schmid and George Nychis. 2011. The comprehensive GNU radio archive network: UCLA zigbee phy. Retrieved January 5, 2011, from https://www.cgran.org/wiki/UCLAZigBee.Google Scholar
- Bartlomiej Sieka. 2006. Active fingerprinting of 802.11 devices by timing analysis. In Proceedings of IEEE Consumer Communications and Networking Conference. 15--19. DOI:10.1109/CCNC.2006.1592979Google ScholarCross Ref
- Frank Stajano and Ross Anderson. 1999. The resurrecting duckling: Security issues for ad-hoc wireless networks. In Proceedings of the 7th International Workshop on Security Protocols. 172--194. Google ScholarDigital Library
- William C. Suski, Michael A. Temple, Michael J. Mendenhall, and Robert F. Mills. 2008. Using spectral fingerprints to improve wireless network security. In Proceedings of IEEE Globecom. 2185--2189. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/GLOCOM.2008.ECP.421Google Scholar
- Önder H. Tekbas, Oktay Üreten, and Nur Serinken. 2004. Improvement of transmitter identification system for low snr transients. Electronics Letters 40, 3, 1--2. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/el:20040160Google ScholarCross Ref
- Texas Instruments Semiconductor. 2008. Single-Chip 2.4 GHz IEEE 802.15.4 Compliant and ZigBee™ Ready RF Transceiver. Retrieved March 20, 2008, from http://www.ti.com/product/cc2420Google Scholar
- McKay D. Williams, Michael A. Temple, and Donald R. Reising. 2010. Augmenting bit-level network security using physical layer RF-DNA fingerprinting. In Proceedings of IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference (IEEE Globecom). Miami, FL, 1--6. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/GLOCOM.2010.5683789Google Scholar
Index Terms
- Wireless Fingerprints Inside a Wireless Sensor Network
Recommendations
Node Placement Strategy in Wireless Sensor Network
The performance and quality of services in wireless sensor networks WSNs depend on coverage and connectivity. Node placement is a fundamental issue closely related to the coverage and connectivity in sensor networks. Node placement influences the target ...
Corona based deployment strategies in wireless sensor network
A wireless sensor network (WSN) is composed of a large number of sensor nodes, relay nodes, and a base station, that are deployed in an environment to collect information. WSNs are getting more widespread use and have been adapted to a vast array of ...
Coverage Quality Analysis for 3D Wireless Sensor Network
BDAW '16: Proceedings of the International Conference on Big Data and Advanced Wireless TechnologiesThe sensor node deployment quality is defined as the most fundamental issue in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs), which have a great impact on the quality of coverage and the overall performance of WSNs. When the random deployment is required, where ...
Comments