Donny Huang
Shyamnath Gollakota
ABSTRACT
We explore the feasibility of achieving computational imaging using Wi-Fi signals. To achieve this, we leverage multi-path propagation that results in wireless signals bouncing off of objects before arriving at the receiver. These reflections effectively light up the objects, which we use to perform imaging. Our algorithms separate the multi-path reflections from different objects into an image. They can also extract depth information where objects in the same direction, but at different distances to the receiver, can be identified. We implement a prototype wireless receiver using USRP-N210s at 2.4 GHz and demonstrate that it can image objects such as leather couches and metallic shapes in line-of-sight and non-line-of-sight scenarios. We also demonstrate proof-of-concept applications including localization of static humans and objects, without the need for tagging them with RF devices. Our results show that we can localize static human subjects and metallic objects with a median accuracy of 26 and 15 cm respectively. Finally, we discuss the limits of our Wi-Fi based approach to imaging.
- Hg2415g grid antenna. http://www.l-com.com/multimedia/datasheets/DS_HG2415G-NF-5PK.PDF.Google Scholar
- wa5vjb directional antenna. http://www.wa5vjb.com/pcb-pdfs/LP8565.pdf.Google Scholar
- Xirrus corporation. http://www.xirrus.com.Google Scholar
- F. Adib, Z. adelec, D. Katabi, and R. Miller. 3d localization via human body reflections. In NSDI, 2014.Google Scholar
- F. Adib and D. Katabi. Seeing Through Walls Using WiFi! In SIGCOMM, 2013.Google Scholar
- F. Ahmad and M. Amin. Through-the-wall human motion indication using sparsity-driven change detection. In IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 2013.Google ScholarCross Ref
- F. Ahmad, M. Amin, and P. Setlur. Through-the-wall target localization using dual-frequency cs radars. In Proc. SPIE 6201, C3I Technologies for Homeland Security and Homeland Defense V, 62010H, 2006.Google Scholar
- G. Airy. On the diffraction of an object-glass with circular aperture. In Transactions of the Cambridge Philosophical Society, 1835.Google Scholar
- I. Amundson, J. Sallai, X. Koutsoukos, and A. Ledeczi. Rf angle of arrival-based node localization. In International Journal of Sensor Networks, 2011. Google ScholarDigital Library
- P. Bahl and V. N. Padmanabhan. Radar: An in-building rf-based user location and tracking system. In INFOCOM, 2000.Google ScholarCross Ref
- P. Beckmann and A. Spizzichino. The scattering of electromagnetic waves from rough surfaces. Artech house, 1987.Google Scholar
- D. Bharadia, K. Joshi, and S. Katti. Full duplex backscatter. In Hotnets, 2013. Google ScholarDigital Library
- D. Bharadia, E. McMilin, and S. Katti. Full duplex radios. In Sigcomm, 2013. Google ScholarDigital Library
- W. Carrara, R. Goodman, and R. Majewski. Spotlight Synthetic Aperture Radar: Signal Processing Algorithms. Artech House, 1995.Google Scholar
- G. Charvat, L. Kempel, E. Rothwell, C. Coleman, and E. Mokole. A Through-dielectric Radar Imaging System. In Trans. Antennas and Propagation, 2010.Google ScholarCross Ref
- K. Chetty, G. Smith, and K. Woodbridge. Through-the-wall Sensing of Personnel Using Passive Bistatic WiFi Radar at Standoff Distances. In Trans. Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 2012.Google ScholarCross Ref
- K. Chintalapudi, A. Iyer, and V. Padmanaban. Indoor Localization without the Pain. In NSDI, 2011.Google Scholar
- J. R. Costa, E. B. Lima, C. R. Medeiros, T. Radil, R. C. Martins, P. M. Ramos, and C. A. Fernandes. Development of an IndoorWireless Personal Area Network based on Mechanically steered millimeter-wave lens antenna. In I2MTC, 2010.Google Scholar
- O. K. Ersoy. Diffraction, Fourier Optics and Imaging. John Wiley Sons, 2006.Google Scholar
- J. P. Fitch. Synthetic Aperture Radar. 1988. Google ScholarDigital Library
- J. Friedman, Z. Charbiwala, T. Schmid, Y. cho, and M. Srivastava. Angle-of-arrival assisted radio interferometry target localization. In MILCOM, 2008.Google ScholarCross Ref
- J. Gjengset, J. Xiong, G. McPhilips, and K. Jamieson. Enabling Phased Array Signal Processing on Commodity WiFi access points. In Mobicom, 2014. Google ScholarDigital Library
- A. Gonzalez-Ruiz and Y. Mostofi. Cooperative robotic structure mapping using wireless measurements, a comparison of random and coordinated sampling patterns. In IEEE Sensors Journal, 2013.Google ScholarCross Ref
- A. Gonzelez-Ruiz, A. Ghaffarkhah, and Y. Mostofi. An integrated framework for obstacle mapping with see-through capabilities using laser and wireless channel measurements. In IEEE Sensors, 2014.Google ScholarCross Ref
- D. Harperin, W. Hu, A. Sheth, and D. Wetherall. Gathering 802.11n traces with channel state information. In CCR, 2011. Google ScholarDigital Library
- E. Hecht. Optics, 2nd Edition. 1987.Google Scholar
- J. Hunt, T. Driscoll, A. Mrozack, G. Lipworth, M. Reynolds, D. Brady, and D. Smith". Metamaterial apertures for computational imaging. In Science, 2013.Google Scholar
- B. Kellogg, V. Talla, and S. Gollakota. Bringing gesture recognition to all devices. In NSDI, 2014. Google ScholarDigital Library
- D. Y. Kim and O. Kenneth. 280ghz and 860ghz image sensors using schottky-barrier diodes in 0.13m digital cmos. In International Solid-State Circuits Conference, 2012.Google Scholar
- J. Krieger, Y. Kochman, and G. Wornell. Multi-Coset, Sparse Imaging Arrays. In IEEE transactions on Antennas and Propogation, 2014.Google Scholar
- C.-P. Lai and R. Narayanan. Through-wall imaging and characterization of human activity using ultrawideband (uwb) random noise radar. In C3I Technologies for Homeland Security and Homeland Defense, 2005.Google Scholar
- N. Levanon and E. Mozeson. Radar Signals. John Wiley Sons, 2004.Google ScholarCross Ref
- K. Lin, S. Gollakota, and D. Katabi. Random Access Heterogeneous MIMO Networks. In SIGCOMM, 2011. Google ScholarDigital Library
- V. Lubecke, O. Boric-Lubecke, H. Madsen, and A. Fathy. Through-the-wall radar life detection and monitorin. In IEEE/MTT-S, 2007.Google Scholar
- P. Maechler, N. Felber, and H. Kaeslin. Compressive sensing for wifi-based passive bistatic radar. In EUSIPCO, 2012.Google Scholar
- Y. Mostofi. Cooperative wireless-based obstacle/object mapping and see-through capabilities in robotic networks. In IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing, 2013. Google ScholarDigital Library
- N. Patwari, L. Brewer, Q. Tate, O. Kaltiokallio, and M. Bocca. Breathfinding: A Wireless Network That Monitors and Locates Breathing in a Home. In IEEE Journal Signal Processing, 2014.Google Scholar
- Q. Pu, S. Gupta, S. Gollakota, and S. Patel. Whole-Home Gesture Recognition Using Wireless Signals. In MOBICOM, 2013. Google ScholarDigital Library
- T. Ralston, G. Charvat, and J. Peabody. Real-time through-wall imaging using an ultrawideband MIMO phased array radar system. In Array, 2010.Google Scholar
- S. Ram and H. Ling. Through-wall tracking of human movers using joint doppler and array processing. In Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 2008.Google Scholar
- C. Rodenbeck and K. Chang. Automated pattern measurement for circularly-polarized antennas using the phase-amplitude method. In Microwave Journal, 2004.Google Scholar
- A. Saeed, A. E. Kosba, and M. Youssef. Ichnaea: A low-overhead robust wlan device-ftree passive localization system. In IEEE Journal of selected topics in signal processing, 2014.Google ScholarCross Ref
- R. O. Schmidt. Multiple Emitter Location and Signal Parameter Estimation. In IEEE Trans. on Antennas and Propagation, AP-34(3):276--280,Mar. 1986.Google ScholarCross Ref
- S. Sen, B. Radunovic, R. R. Choudhury, and T. Minka. Spot localization using PHY layer information. In Mobisys, 2012. Google ScholarDigital Library
- C. Shepard, H. Yu, N. Anand, E. Li, T. Marzetta, R. Yang, and L. Zhong. Argos: practical many-antenna base stations. In Mobicom, 2012. Google ScholarDigital Library
- S. Sigg, S. Shi, and Y. Ji. Rf-based device-free recognition of simultaneously conducted activities. In Ubicomp, 2013. Google ScholarDigital Library
- M. Skolnik. Radar Handbook. McGraw-Hill, 1988.Google Scholar
- H. Wang, S. Sen, A. Elgohary, M. Youssef, and R. R. Choudhury. No need to war-drive: unsupervised indoor localization. In MobiSys, 2012. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Y. Wang, M. Kuhn, and A. Fathy. Advanced system level simulation of uwb three-dimensional through-wall imaging radar for performance limitation prediction. In MTT, 2010.Google Scholar
- J. Wilson and N. Patwari. Through-Wall Motion Tracking Using Variance-Based Radio Tomography Networks. In ARXIV, 2009.Google Scholar
- J. Xiong and K. Jamieson. ArrayTrack: A Fine-Grained Indoor Location System. In NSDI, 2013. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Q. Yang, X. Li, H. Yao, J. Fang, K. Tan, W. Hu, J. Zhang, and Y. Zhang. BigStation: Enabling Scalable Real-time Signal Processing in Large MU-MIMO Systems. In SIGCOMM, 2013. Google ScholarDigital Library
- M. Youssef and A. Agrawala. The horus wlan location determination system. In MobiSys, 2005. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Y. Zhao and N. Patwari. Robust Estimators for Variance-Based Device-Free Localization and Tracking. In ARXIV, 2011.Google Scholar
- F. Zhu, S. Gao, A. Ho, W. Brown, J. Li, and J. Xu. Low-profile directional ultra-wideband antenna for see-through-wall imaging applications. In Electromagnetics Research, 2011.Google ScholarCross Ref
Index Terms
- Feasibility and limits of wi-fi imaging
Recommendations
Wi-fi see it all: generative adversarial network-augmented versatile wi-fi imaging
SenSys '20: Proceedings of the 18th Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor SystemsWi-Fi imaging has attracted significant interests due to the ubiquitous availability of Wi-Fi devices today. In this paper, we present Wi-Fi See It All (WiSIA), a versatile Wi-Fi imaging system built upon commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) Wi-Fi devices, ...
Cross-assistive approach for PDR and Wi-Fi positioning
UbiComp '14 Adjunct: Proceedings of the 2014 ACM International Joint Conference on Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing: Adjunct PublicationIn indoor positioning using Wi-Fi, there is a problem that the accuracy is not stable by the occurrence of large errors. Large errors tend to occur when density of wireless LAN access points is low or the radio wave condition is unstable. Furthermore, ...
MIMO CSI-based Super-resolution AoA Estimation for Wi-Fi Indoor Localization
ICMLC '20: Proceedings of the 2020 12th International Conference on Machine Learning and ComputingIndoor localization technology has always been a research hotspot in industry and academia. Indoor localization research using channel state information (CSI) of Wi-Fi signals has also received more and more attention. The existing Angle of Arrival (AoA)...
Comments