ABSTRACT
We explore the design space of energy-neutral situated displays, which give physical presence to digital information. We investigate three central dimensions: energy sources, display technologies, and wireless communications. Based on the power implications from our analysis, we present a thin, wireless, photovoltaic-powered display that is quick and easy to deploy and capable of indefinite operation in indoor lighting conditions. The display uses a low-resolution e-paper architecture, which is 35 times more energy-efficient than smaller-sized high-resolution displays. We present a detailed analysis on power consumption, photovoltaic energy harvesting performance, and a detailed comparison to other display-driving architectures. Depending on the ambient lighting, the display can trigger an update every 1 -- 25 minutes and communicate to a PC or smartphone via Bluetooth Low-Energy.
Supplemental Material
- AllAboutWindowsPhone. Nokia Glance Screen and display settings on the Nokia Lumia 925, 2013. http://allaboutwindowsphone.com/features/item/ 17736 Nokia Glance Screen and displa.php (date accessed: 2016/04/12).Google Scholar
- BBC. London bus stops embrace e-paper, 2015. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-35162689 (date accessed: 2016/04/12).Google Scholar
- Comiskey, B., Albert, J. D., Yoshizawa, H., Jacobson, J., by Michaels, C., and Others. An electrophoretic ink for all-printed reflective electronic displays. Nature 394 (1998), 253--255. Google ScholarCross Ref
- Dementyev, A., Gummeson, J., Thrasher, D., Parks, A., Ganesan, D., Smith, J. R., and Sample, A. P. Wirelessly powered bistable display tags. In Proceedings of the 2013 ACM International Joint Conference on Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing, UbiComp '13, ACM (2013), 383--386. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Dementyev, A., Hodges, S., Taylor, S., and Smith, J. Power consumption analysis of bluetooth low energy, zigbee and ant sensor nodes in a cyclic sleep scenario. In Wireless Symposium (IWS), 2013 IEEE International (April 2013), 1--4. Google ScholarCross Ref
- E Ink. E Ink Aurora Imaging Film, 2013. http://www.eink.com/sell sheets/aurora spec sheet sept2013.pdf (date accessed: 2016/04/04).Google Scholar
- E Ink. E Ink History, 2016. http://eink.com/history.html (date accessed: 2016/04/04).Google Scholar
- Elliot, K., Neustaedter, C., and Greenberg, S. Time, ownership and awareness: The value of contextual locations in the home. In Proceedings of Ubicomp 2005, Springer (2005), 251--268. Google ScholarDigital Library
- FastCompany. Toshiba Unveils First Solar-Powered E-Reader, 2016. http://www.fastcompany.com/1711567 (date accessed: 2016/04/04).Google Scholar
- Gainspan Inc. GS1500M Wi-Fi Module, 2014. http://www.alphamicro.net/media/412417/ gs1500m datasheet rev 1 4.pdf (date accessed: 2016/04/13).Google Scholar
- Green, K. Programming Sharp Memory LCDs. http://www.sharpmemorylcd.com/resources/ Programing Memory LCDs AppNote.pdf (date accessed: 2016/07/21).Google Scholar
- Japan Display Inc. Display Specification, 2015. http://www.j-display.com/english/news/2015/pdf/ 1.34inch en 20150511 V1.1.pdf (date accessed: 2016/04/13).Google Scholar
- Kappel, K., and Grechenig, T. "show-me": Water consumption at a glance to promote water conservation in the shower. In Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Persuasive Technology, Persuasive '09, ACM (2009), 26:1--26:6. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Kawsar, F., Vermeulen, J., Smith, K., Luyten, K., and Kortuem, G. Exploring the Design Space for Situated Glyphs to Support Dynamic Work Environments. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011, 70--78. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Kellogg, B., Talla, V., Gollakota, S., and Smith, J. R. Passive wi-fi: Bringing low power to wi-fi transmissions. In 13th USENIX Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation (NSDI, USENIX Association (Mar. 2016), 151--164. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Kent Displays. 1/4 VGA Cholesteric Display Module with SPITM-Compatible Interface, 2016. https://www.sparkfun.com/datasheets/LCD/LCD09559--25085b 320x240 SPI datasheet.pdf (date accessed: 2016/07/21).Google Scholar
- Kim, S. W., Kim, M. C., Park, S. H., Jin, Y. K., and Choi, W. S. Gate reminder: A design case of a smart reminder. In Proceedings of the 5th Conference on Designing Interactive Systems: Processes, Practices, Methods, and Techniques, DIS '04, ACM (2004), 81--90. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Kuznetsov, S., and Paulos, E. Upstream: Motivating water conservation with low-cost water flow sensing and persuasive displays. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, CHI '10, ACM (2010), 1851--1860. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Lee, Y., Kim, G., Bang, S., Kim, Y., Lee, I., Dutta, P., Sylvester, D., and Blaauw, D. A modular 1mm3 die-stacked sensing platform with optical communication and multi-modal energy harvesting. In 2012 IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Conference (Feb 2012), 402--404. Google ScholarCross Ref
- Nehani, J., Brunelli, D., Magno, M., Sigrist, L., and Benini, L. An energy neutral wearable camera with epd display. In Proceedings of the 2015 Workshop on Wearable Systems and Applications, WearSys '15, ACM (2015), 1--6. Google ScholarDigital Library
- 21. OED Technologies. ComFlec O-Paper Imaging Film for Segmented Displays, 2016. http://www.oedtech.com/ (date accessed: 2016/04/04).Google Scholar
- O'Hara, K., Perry, M., and Churchill, E. Public and Situated Displays: Social and Interactional Aspects of Shared Display Technologies. Springer, 2003. Google ScholarDigital Library
- O'Hara, K., Perry, M., and Lewis, S. Social coordination around a situated display appliance. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, CHI '03, ACM (2003), 65--72. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Oregon Scientific. +ECO Clima Control, 2009. http://www.oregonscientific.com/manual/RMR500ES.pdf (date accessed: 2016/04/04).Google Scholar
- Paradiso, J. A., and Starner, T. Energy scavenging for mobile and wireless electronics. IEEE Pervasive Computing 4, 1 (Jan 2005), 18--27. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Parks, A. N., Kellogg, B., and Smith, J. R. Perpetual smart signage using ambient energy harvesting {poster abstract}. In ACM International Symposium on Pervasive Displays (2013).Google Scholar
- Parks, A. N., Zhao, Y., and Smith, J. R. A wireless sensing platform utilizing ambient rf energy. IEEE WiSNET., Austin TX (2013).Google Scholar
- Pedersen, E. R. People presence or room activity supporting peripheral awareness over distance. In Proceedings of CHI'98, ACM Press (1998), 283--284. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Pervasive Displays. 2.7 Low Power Aurora Mb (V231), 2016. http://www.pervasivedisplays.com/ LiteratureRetrieve.aspx'ID=222072 (date accessed: 2016/04/04).Google Scholar
- 30. Qualcomm. Qualcomm Mirasol, 2016. https://www.qualcomm.com/documents/ mirasol-imod-tech-overview (date accessed: 2016/07/22).Google Scholar
- 31. Roen, S. Solar powered portable calculator, Apr. 12 1977. US Patent 4,017,725.Google Scholar
- Schuss, C., and Rahkonen, T. Solar energy harvesting strategies for portable devices such as mobile phones. In 2013 14th Conference of Open Innovations Association (FRUCT) (Nov 2013), 132--139. Google ScholarDigital Library
- 33. Senli, S. Ethernet energy harvesting. Master's thesis, KTH, School of Information and Communication Technology (ICT), Communication Systems, CoS., 2012.Google Scholar
- 34. Silicon Labs Inc. CP2400 Segment LCD Driver, 2010. http://www.silabs.com/Support(date accessed: 2016/04/13).Google Scholar
- 35. SUNPARTNER Technologies. Wysips Reflective, 2016. http://sunpartnertechnologies.com/mobile-devices/ (date accessed: 2016/04/04).Google Scholar
- Sweeney, D., Chen, N., Hodges, S., and Grosse-Puppendahl, T. Displays as a material: A route to making displays more pervasive. IEEE Pervasive Computing 15, 3 (July 2016), 77--82. Google ScholarCross Ref
- 37. Talla, V., Kellogg, B., Ransford, B., Naderiparizi, S., Gollakota, S., and Smith, J. R. Powering the next billion devices with wi-fi. CoRR abs/1505.06815 (2015).Google Scholar
- Texas Instruments. BQ25570 Nano Power Boost Charger and Buck Converter for Energy Harvester Powered Applications, 2016. http://www.ti.com/product/bq25570 (date accessed: 2016/07/21).Google Scholar
- TI Inc. CC3100MOD SimpleLink, 2014. http://www.ti.com/lit/ds/symlink/cc3100mod.pdf (date accessed: 2016/04/13).Google Scholar
- Ubiquitous Energy. clearview power Technology, 2016. http://ubiquitous.energy/ (date accessed: 2016/04/04).Google Scholar
- Warneke, B. A., Scott, M. D., Leibowitz, B. S., Zhou, L., Bellew, C. L., Chediak, J. A., Kahn, J. M., Boser, B. E., and Pister, K. S. J. An autonomous 16 mm3 solar-powered node for distributed wireless sensor networks. In Sensors, 2002. Proceedings of IEEE, vol. 2 (2002), 1510--1515 vol.2. Google ScholarCross Ref
- Winstar Display Co. Ltd. 2.7-inch (diagonal) Memory LCD. http://www.sharpmemorylcd.com/2--7-inchmemory-lcd.html (date accessed: 2016/04/13).Google Scholar
- Zhao, Y., Smith, J. R., and Sample, A. Nfc-wisp: An open source software defined near field rfid sensing platform. In Adjunct Proceedings of the 2015 ACM International Joint Conference on Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing and Proceedings of the 2015 ACM International Symposium on Wearable Computers, UbiComp/ISWC'15 Adjunct, ACM (2015), 369--372. Google ScholarDigital Library
Index Terms
- Exploring the Design Space for Energy-Harvesting Situated Displays
Recommendations
Networking Low-Power Energy Harvesting Devices: Measurements and Algorithms
Recent advances in energy harvesting materials and ultra-low-power communications will soon enable the realization of networks composed of energy harvesting devices. These devices will operate using very low ambient energy, such as energy harvested from ...
Making sense of intermittent energy harvesting
ENSsys '18: Proceedings of the 6th International Workshop on Energy Harvesting & Energy-Neutral Sensing SystemsBatteryless, energy harvesting sensing devices enable new applications and deployment scenarios with their promise of zero maintenance, long lifetime, and small size. These devices fail often and for variable lengths of time because of the ...
Energy harvesting discontinuous reception (DRX) mechanism in wireless powered cellular networks
The energy harvesting paradigm enables the design of new wireless powered cellular networks (WPCNs) for the Internet‐of‐Things (IoT). In a WPCN, if the harvested energy is larger than the consumed energy, an IoT device may utilise the surplus harvested ...
Comments