ABSTRACT
Low-Power Wide-Area Network (LPWAN) is an enabling Internet-of-Things (IoT) technology that supports long-range, low-power, and low-cost connectivity to numerous devices. To avoid the crowd in the limited ISM band (where most LPWANs operate) and the cost of licensed band, the recently proposed SNOW (Sensor Network over White Spaces) is a promising LPWAN platform that operates over the TV white spaces. Nevertheless, the current SNOW implementation uses USRP devices as LPWAN nodes which have high cost ≈ $750 USD per device) and large form-factor, hindering the applicability of this technology in practical deployment. In this paper, we implement SNOW using low-cost, low form-factor, low-power, and widely available commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) devices to enable its practical and large-scale deployment. Our choice of the COTS device (TI CC1310) consequently brings down the cost and the form-factor of a SNOW node by 25x and 10x, respectively. Such implementation of SNOW on CC1310 devices faces a number of challenges to enable link reliability and communication range. Our implementation addresses these challenges by handling peak-to-average power ratio problem, channel estimation, carrier frequency offset, and near-far power problem. Our deployment in the city of Detroit, Michigan demonstrates that CC1310-based SNOW can achieve uplink and downlink throughputs of 11.2kbps and 4.8kbps per node, respectively, over a distance of 1km. Also, the overall throughput in the uplink increases linearly with the increase in the number of SNOW nodes.
- 3GPP. 2014. The LTE STANDARD. https://www.qualcomm.com/media/documents/files/the-lte-standard.pdf.Google Scholar
- 3GPP. 2018. NBIoT. 3gpp.org/news-events/3gpp-news/1785-nb_iot_complete.Google Scholar
- Dash Alliance. 2018. DASH7. http://www.dash7-alliance.org.Google Scholar
- LoRa Alliance. 2018. LoRaWAN. https://www.lora-alliance.org.Google Scholar
- R. J Baxley and G T. Zhou. 2004. Power savings analysis of peak-to-average power ratio in OFDM. IEEE Trans. on Consumer Electronics 50, 3 (2004), 792--798. Google ScholarDigital Library
- J. Choi, Y-H Lee, C. Lee, and H W Jung. 2000. Carrier frequency offset compensation for uplink of OFDM-FDMA systems. In ICC '00. IEEE, USA, 425--429.Google Scholar
- GNURadio. 2018. GNURadio. http://gnuradio.org.Google Scholar
- GSMA. 2018. GSMA IoT. https://www.gsma.com/iot/.Google Scholar
- IEEE. 2018. IEEE 802.11. http://www.ieee802.org/11.Google Scholar
- IEEE. 2018. IEEE 802.15.4. http://standards.ieee.org/about/get/802/802.15.html.Google Scholar
- IEEE. 2018. IEEE 802.16e. http://www.ieee802.org/16/tge/.Google Scholar
- Ingenu. 2017. RPMA. https://www.ingenu.com/technology/rpma.Google Scholar
- IQRF. 2018. IQRF. http://www.iqrf.org/technology.Google Scholar
- D. Ismail, M. Rahman, and A. Saifullah. 2018. Demo Abstract: Implementing SNOW on Commercial Off-The-Shelf Devices. In IoTDI '19. IEEE, USA, 2.Google Scholar
- D. Ismail, M. Rahman, and A. Saifullah. 2018. Low-power wide-area networks: opportunities, challenges, and directions. In ICDCN '18. ACM, NY, USA, 8. Google ScholarDigital Library
- D. Ismail, M. Rahman, A. Saifullah, and S. Madria. 2017. RnR: Reverse & Replace Decoding for Collision Recovery in Wireless Sensor Networks. In SECON '17. IEEE, USA, 9.Google Scholar
- M. Jiang, J. Akhtman, and L. Hanzo. 2007. Iterative joint channel estimation and multi-user detection for multiple-antenna aided OFDM systems. IEEE Trans. on Wireless Comm. 6, 8 (2007), 1--11. Google ScholarDigital Library
- T. Jiang and Y. Wu. 2008. An overview: Peak-to-average power ratio reduction techniques for OFDM signals. IEEE Trans. on broadcasting 54, 2 (2008), 257--268.Google ScholarCross Ref
- B. Kamali, R. A. Bennett, and D. C. Cox. 2012. Understanding WiMAX: an IEEE-802.16 standard-based wireless technology. IEEE Potentials 31, 5 (2012), 23--27.Google ScholarCross Ref
- S. Lin, F. Miao, J. Zhang, G. Zhou, L. Gu, T. He, J. A Stankovic, S. Son, and G. J Pappas. 2016. ATPC: adaptive transmission power control for wireless sensor networks. ACM Trans. on Sensor Networks 12, 1 (2016), 6. Google ScholarDigital Library
- L Maniatis, T Weber, A Sklavos, and Y Liu. 2002. Pilots for joint channel estimation in multi-user OFDM mobile radio systems. In ISSSTA '02. IEEE, USA, 5.Google ScholarCross Ref
- V. P. Modekurthy, D. Ismail, M. Rahman, and A. Saifullah. 2018. A Utilization-Based Approach for Schedulability Analysis in Wireless Control Systems. In ICII '18. IEEE, USA, 10.Google Scholar
- A. Muqattash and M. Krunz. 2003. CDMA-based MAC protocol for wireless ad hoc networks. In MobiHoc '03. ACM, NY, USA, 12. Google ScholarDigital Library
- ngmm. 2018. ngmn. http://www.ngmn.org.Google Scholar
- Raspberry pi. 2018. Raspberry pi. https://www.raspberrypi.org/.Google Scholar
- M. Rahman, D. Ismail, and A. Saifullah. 2018. Demo Abstract: Enabling Inter-SNOW Concurrent P2P Communications. In IoTDI '19. IEEE, USA, 2.Google Scholar
- M. Rahman and A. Saifullah. 2018. A Comprehensive Survey on Networking over TV White Spaces. arXiv:cs.NI/1810.07120Google Scholar
- M. Rahman and A. Saifullah. 2018. Integrating Low-Power Wide-Area Networks in White Spaces. In IoTDI '18. IEEE, USA, 6.Google Scholar
- T. S Rappaport et al. 1996. Wireless communications: principles and practice. Vol. 2. Prentice Hall PTR, New Jersey, USA. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Ettus Research. 2018. USRP B2100. https://www.ettus.com/product/.Google Scholar
- C. Ribeiro, M J F-G Garcia, V P G Jiménez, A Gameiro, and A Armada. 2008. Uplink channel estimation for multi-user OFDM-based systems. Wireless Personal Communications 47, 1 (2008), 125--136. Google ScholarDigital Library
- A. Saifullah, M. Rahman, D. Ismail, C. Lu, R. Chandra, and J. Liu. 2016. SNOW: Sensor Network over White Spaces. In SenSys '16. ACM, NY, USA, 14. Google ScholarDigital Library
- A. Saifullah, M. Rahman, D. Ismail, C. Lu, J. Liu, and R. Chandra. 2017. Enabling Reliable, Asynchronous, and Bidirectional Communication in Sensor Networks over White Spaces. In SenSys '17. ACM, NY, USA, 14. Google ScholarDigital Library
- A. Saifullah, M. Rahman, D. Ismail, C. Lu, J. Liu, and R. Chandra. 2018. Low-Power Wide-Area Network Over White Spaces. ACM/IEEE Transactions on Networking 26, 4 (2018), 1893--1906. Google ScholarDigital Library
- SigFox. 2018. SigFox. http://sigfox.com.Google Scholar
- SING. 2018. TinyOS. http://www.tinyos.net.Google Scholar
- SNOW. 2018. Base Station. https://github.com/snowlab12/gr-snow.Google Scholar
- S. L Talbot and B. Farhang-Boroujeny. 2007. Mobility and carrier offset modeling in OFDM. In GLOBECOM'07. IEEE, USA, 5.Google Scholar
- TI. 2018. CC1310 Chip. http://www.ti.com/tool/launchxl-cc1310.Google Scholar
- D. Tse and P. Viswanath. 2005. Fundamentals of wireless communication. Cambridge university press, Cambridge, UK. Google ScholarDigital Library
- UBlox. 2018. LTE-M. https://www.u-blox.com/en/lte-cat-m1.Google Scholar
- J-J Van de Beek, P. O. Borjesson, M-L Boucheret, D. Landstrom, J. M. Arenas, P. Odling, Christer Ostberg, Mattias W., and S. K. Wilson. 1999. A time and frequency synchronization scheme for multiuser OFDM. IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Comm. 17, 11 (1999), 1900--1914. Google ScholarDigital Library
- J-J Van De Beek, O. Edfors, M. Sandell, S K Wilson, and P O Borjesson. 1995. On channel estimation in OFDM systems. In VTC '95. IEEE, USA, 815--819.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Weightless. 2018. Weightless. http://www.weightless.org.Google Scholar
- Y. Yao and G. B Giannakis. 2005. Blind carrier frequency offset estimation in SISO, MIMO, and multiuser OFDM systems. IEEE Trans. on Comm. 53, 1 (2005), 173--183.Google ScholarCross Ref
Index Terms
- Implementation of LPWAN over white spaces for practical deployment
Recommendations
LPWAN in the TV White Spaces: A Practical Implementation and Deployment Experiences
Special Issue on FDL2019Low-Power Wide-Area Network (LPWAN) is an enabling Internet-of-Things technology that supports long-range, low-power, and low-cost connectivity to numerous devices. To avoid the crowd in the limited ISM band (where most LPWANs operate) and cost of ...
Enabling Reliable, Asynchronous, and Bidirectional Communication in Sensor Networks over White Spaces
SenSys '17: Proceedings of the 15th ACM Conference on Embedded Network Sensor SystemsLow-Power Wide-Area Network (LPWAN) heralds a promising class of technology to overcome the range limits and scalability challenges in traditional wireless sensor networks. Recently proposed Sensor Network over White Spaces (SNOW) technology is ...
White space networking beyond the TV bands
WiNTECH '12: Proceedings of the seventh ACM international workshop on Wireless network testbeds, experimental evaluation and characterizationThe proliferation of mobile devices has led to a dearth of spectrum for wireless data communication. Several efforts are underway to alleviate this spectrum crunch. A recent approach has been the innovative use of the TV spectrum where policy makers, ...
Comments