skip to main content
research-article

Music, Search, and IoT: How People (Really) Use Voice Assistants

Published:26 April 2019Publication History
Skip Abstract Section

Abstract

Voice has become a widespread and commercially viable interaction mechanism with the introduction of voice assistants (VAs), such as Amazon’s Alexa, Apple’s Siri, Google Assistant, and Microsoft’s Cortana. Despite their prevalence, we do not have a detailed understanding of how these technologies are used in domestic spaces. To understand how people use VAs, we conducted interviews with 19 users, and analyzed the log files of 82 Amazon Alexa devices, totaling 193,665 commands, and 88 Google Home Devices, totaling 65,499 commands. In our analysis, we identified music, search, and IoT usage as the command categories most used by VA users. We explored how VAs are used in the home, investigated the role of VAs as scaffolding for Internet of Things device control, and characterized emergent issues of privacy for VA users. We conclude with implications for the design of VAs and for future research studies of VAs.

References

  1. Tawfiq Ammari, Priya Kumar, Cliff Lampe, and Sarita Schoenebeck. 2015. Managing children’s online identities: How parents decide what to disclose about their children online. In Proceedings of the 33rd Annual ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI’15). ACM, New York, NY, 1895--1904. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  2. Ken Anderson, Dawn Nafus, Tye Rattenbury, and Ryan Aipperspach. 2009. Numbers have qualities too: Experiences with ethno-mining. In Ethnographic Praxis in Industry Conference Proceedings, Vol. 2009. Wiley Online Library, 123--140.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  3. Agathe Battestini, Vidya Setlur, and Timothy Sohn. 2010. A large scale study of text-messaging use. In Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Human Computer Interaction with Mobile Devices and Services (MobileHCI’10). ACM, New York, NY, 229--238. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  4. Genevieve Bell, Mark Blythe, and Phoebe Sengers. 2005. Making by making strange: Defamiliarization and the design of domestic technologies. ACM Trans. Comput.-Hum. Interact. 12, 2 (June 2005), 149--173. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  5. Genevieve Bell and Paul Dourish. 2007. Yesterday’s tomorrows: Notes on ubiquitous computing’s dominant vision. Personal Ubiquitous Comput. 11, 2 (Jan. 2007), 133--143. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  6. Genevieve Bell and Joseph Kaye. 2002. Designing technology for domestic spaces: A kitchen manifesto. Gastronomica 2, 2 (2002), 46--62.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  7. Frank R. Bentley and Ying-Yu Chen. 2015. The composition and use of modern mobile phonebooks. In Proceedings of the 33rd Annual ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI’15). ACM, New York, NY, 2749--2758. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  8. Frank R. Bentley, Nediyana Daskalova, and Brooke White. 2017. Comparing the reliability of amazon mechanical turk and survey monkey to traditional market research surveys. In Proceedings of the 2017 CHI Conference Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI EA’17). ACM, New York, NY, 1092--1099. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  9. Anne-jorunn Berg. 1995. A gendered socio-technical construction: The smart house. In Information Technology and Society: A Reader, Nick Heap (Ed.). Sage, London.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  10. Lindsay Blackwell, Emma Gardiner, and Sarita Schoenebeck. 2016. Managing expectations: Technology tensions among parents and teens. In Proceedings of the 19th ACM Conference on Computer-Supported Cooperative Work 8 Social Computing (CSCW’16). ACM, New York, NY, 1390--1401. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  11. Rodney A. Brooks. 1997. The intelligent room project. In Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Cognitive Technology (CT’97). IEEE, 271--278. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  12. A. J. Bernheim Brush, Bongshin Lee, Ratul Mahajan, Sharad Agarwal, Stefan Saroiu, and Colin Dixon. 2011. Home automation in the wild: Challenges and opportunities. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI’11). ACM, New York, NY, 2115--2124. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  13. Yi Cheng, Kate Yen, Yeqi Chen, Sijin Chen, and Alexis Hiniker. 2018. Why doesn’t it work?: Voice-driven interfaces and young children’s communication repair strategies. In Proceedings of the 17th ACM Conference on Interaction Design and Children (IDC’18). ACM, New York, NY, 337--348. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  14. Andy Crabtree and Tom Rodden. 2004. Domestic routines and design for the home. Comput. Supported Coop. Work 13, 2 (April 2004), 191--220. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  15. Andy Crabtree and Peter Tolmie. 2016. A day in the life of things in the home. In Proceedings of the 19th ACM Conference on Computer-Supported Cooperative Work 8 Social Computing (CSCW’16). ACM, New York, NY, 1738--1750. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  16. Wenrui Diao, Xiangyu Liu, Zhe Zhou, and Kehuan Zhang. 2014. Your voice assistant is mine: How to abuse speakers to steal information and control your phone. In Proceedings of the 4th ACM Workshop on Security and Privacy in Smartphones 8 Mobile Devices (SPSM’14). ACM, New York, NY, 63--74. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  17. Colin Dixon, Ratul Mahajan, Sharad Agarwal, A. J. Brush, Bongshin Lee, Stefan Saroiu, and Victor Bahl. 2010. The home needs an operating system (and an app store). In Proceedings of the 9th ACM SIGCOMM Workshop on Hot Topics in Networks (Hotnets-IX). ACM, New York, NY, 18:1--18:6. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  18. Marcia Ford and William Palmer. 2018. Alexa, are you listening to me? An analysis of Alexa voice service network traffic. Pers. Ubiquitous Comput. 2 (Jun. 2018), 1--13. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  19. Ramanathan Guha, Vineet Gupta, Vivek Raghunathan, and Ramakrishnan Srikant. 2015. User modeling for a personal assistant. In Proceedings of the 8th ACM International Conference on Web Search and Data Mining (WSDM’15). ACM, New York, NY, 275--284. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  20. Jason I. Hong and James A. Landay. 2004. An architecture for privacy-sensitive ubiquitous computing. In Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Mobile Systems, Applications, and Services (MobiSys’04). ACM, New York, NY, 177--189. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  21. S. S. Intille. 2002. Designing a home of the future. IEEE Perv. Comput. 1, 2 (April 2002), 76--82. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  22. Joseph ’Jofish’ Kaye, Joel Fischer, Jason Hong, Frank R. Bentley, Cosmin Munteanu, Alexis Hiniker, Janice Y. Tsai, and Tawfiq Ammari. 2018. Panel: voice assistants, UX design and research. In Proceeding of the Extended Abstracts of the 2018 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI EA’18). ACM, New York, NY, panel01:1--panel01:5. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  23. Julie A. Kientz, Shwetak N. Patel, Brian Jones, Ed Price, Elizabeth D. Mynatt, and Gregory D. Abowd. 2008. The Georgia tech aware home. In Proceeding of the Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI EA’08). ACM, New York, NY, 3675--3680. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  24. Julia Kiseleva, Kyle Williams, Jiepu Jiang, Ahmed Hassan Awadallah, Aidan C. Crook, Imed Zitouni, and Tasos Anastasakos. 2016. Understanding user satisfaction with intelligent assistants. In Proceedings of the 2016 ACM on Conference on Human Information Interaction and Retrieval (CHIIR’16). ACM, New York, NY, 121--130. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  25. Predrag Klasnja, Sunny Consolvo, Tanzeem Choudhury, Richard Beckwith, and Jeffrey Hightower. 2009. Exploring privacy concerns about personal sensing. In Pervasive Computing (Lecture Notes in Computer Science), Hideyuki Tokuda, Michael Beigl, Adrian Friday, A. J. Bernheim Brush, and Yoshito Tobe (Eds.). Springer, Berlin Heidelberg, 176--183. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  26. Josephine Lau, Benjamin Zimmerman, and Florian Schaub. 2018. Alexa, are you listening?: Privacy perceptions, concerns and privacy-seeking behaviors with smart speakers. Proc. ACM Hum.-Comput. Interact. 2, CSCW (2018), 102. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  27. Bin Liu, Mads Schaarup Andersen, Florian Schaub, Hazim Almuhimedi, S. A. Zhang, Norman Sadeh, Alessandro Acquisti, and Yuvraj Agarwal. 2016. Follow my recommendations: A personalized privacy assistant for mobile app permissions. In Proceeding of the Symposium on Usable Privacy and Security. https://www.usenix.org/system/files/conference/soups2016/soups2016-paper-liu.pdf. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  28. Silvia Lovato and Anne Marie Piper. 2015. “Siri, is this you?”: Understanding young children’s interactions with voice input systems. In Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Interaction Design and Children (IDC’15). ACM, New York, NY, 335--338. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  29. Ewa Luger and Tom Rodden. 2013. An informed view on consent for UbiComp. In Proceedings of the ACM International Joint Conference on Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing (UbiComp’13). ACM, New York, NY, 529--538. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  30. Ewa Luger and Abigail Sellen. 2016. “Like having a really bad PA”: The gulf between user expectation and experience of conversational agents. In Proceedings of the Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI’16). ACM, New York, NY, 5286--5297. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  31. Melissa Mazmanian and Simone Lanette. 2017. “Okay, one more episode”: An ethnography of parenting in the digital age. In Proceedings of the 2017 ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work and Social Computing (CSCW’17). ACM, New York, NY, 2273--2286. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  32. Donald McMillan, Moira McGregor, and Barry Brown. 2015. From in the wild to in vivo: Video analysis of mobile device use. In Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction with Mobile Devices and Services. ACM, 494--503. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  33. Emily McReynolds, Sarah Hubbard, Timothy Lau, Aditya Saraf, Maya Cakmak, and Franziska Roesner. 2017. Toys that listen: A study of parents, children, and internet-connected toys. In Proceedings of the Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI’17). ACM, New York, NY, 5197--5207. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  34. Michael F. McTear. 2002. Spoken dialogue technology: Enabling the conversational user interface. ACM Comput. Surv. 34, 1 (Mar. 2002), 90--169. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  35. Sarah Mennicken and Elaine M. Huang. 2012. Hacking the natural habitat: An in-the-wild study of smart homes, their development, and the people who live in them. In Pervasive Computing (Lecture Notes in Computer Science). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 143--160. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  36. Mohammad-Mahdi Moazzami, Daisuke Mashima, Ulrich Herberg, Wei-Pen Chen, and Guoliang Xing. 2016. SPOT: A smartphone-based control app with a device-agnostic and adaptive user-interface for IoT devices. In Proceedings of the International Joint Conference on Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing: Adjunct (UbiComp’16). ACM, New York, NY, 670--673. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  37. John Moore, Gerd Kortuem, Andrew Smith, Niaz Chowdhury, Jose Cavero, and Daniel Gooch. 2016. DevOps for the urban IoT. In Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on IoT in Urban Space (Urb-IoT’16). ACM, New York, NY, 78--81. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  38. Aarthi Easwara Moorthy and Kim-Phuong L. Vu. 2014. Voice activated personal assistant: Acceptability of use in the public space. In Human Interface and the Management of Information. Information and Knowledge in Applications and Services (Lecture Notes in Computer Science). Springer, Cham, 324--334. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  39. Alistair Morrison, Donald McMillan, and Matthew Chalmers. 2014. Improving consent in large scale mobile HCI through personalised representations of data. In Proceedings of the 8th Nordic Conference on Human-Computer Interaction: Fun, Fast, Foundational (NordiCHI’14). ACM, New York, NY, 471--480. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  40. Pardis Naeini, Sruti Bhagavatula, Hana Habib, Martin Degeling, Lujo Bauer, Lorrie Cranor, and Norman Sadeh. 2017. Privacy Expectations and Preferences in an IoT World. In Proceedings of the 13th Symposium on Usable Privacy and Security (SOUPS’17). Santa Clara, CA, 399–412. https://www.usenix.org/conference/soups2017/technical-sessions/presentation/naeini. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  41. Clifford Nass, Youngme Moon, B. J. Fogg, Byron Reeves, and D. Christopher Dryer. 1995. Can computer personalities be human personalities? Int. J. Hum.-Comput. Studies 43, 2 (Aug. 1995), 223--239. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  42. Helen Nissenbaum. 2009. Privacy in Context: Technology, Policy, and the Integrity of Social Life. Stanford University Press. Google-Books-ID: _NN1uGn1Jd8C. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  43. Kenneth Olmstead. 2017. Nearly half of Americans use digital voice assistants, mostly on their smartphones. http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/12/12/nearly-half-of-americans-use-digital-voice-assistants-mostly-on-their-smartphones/.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  44. Antti Oulasvirta, Aurora Pihlajamaa, Jukka Perkiö, Debarshi Ray, Taneli Vähäkangas, Tero Hasu, Niklas Vainio, and Petri Myllymäki. 2012. Long-term effects of ubiquitous surveillance in the home. In Proceedings of the 2012 ACM Conference on Ubiquitous Computing. ACM, 41--50. http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=2370224. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  45. Leysia Palen and Paul Dourish. 2003. Unpacking privacy for a networked world. ACM, 129--136. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  46. Erika Shehan Poole, Marshini Chetty, Rebecca E. Grinter, and W. Keith Edwards. 2008. More than meets the eye: Transforming the user experience of home network management. In Proceedings of the 7th ACM Conference on Designing Interactive Systems (DIS’08). ACM, New York, NY, 455--464. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  47. Martin Porcheron, Joel E. Fischer, Stuart Reeves, and Sarah Sharples. 2018. Voice interfaces in everyday life. In Proceedings of the 36th Annual ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI’18). ACM, New York, NY. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  48. Martin Porcheron, Joel E. Fischer, and Sarah Sharples. 2017. “Do animals have accents?”: Talking with agents in multi-party conversation. In Proceedings of the Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work and Social Computing (CSCW’17). ACM, New York, NY, 207--219. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  49. Alisha Pradhan, Kanika Mehta, and Leah Findlater. 2018. Accessibility came by accident: Use of voice-controlled intelligent personal assistants by people with disabilities. In Proceedings of the Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. ACM, 459. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  50. Amanda Purington, Jessie G. Taft, Shruti Sannon, Natalya N. Bazarova, and Samuel Hardman Taylor. 2017. “Alexa is my new BFF”: Social roles, user satisfaction, and personification of the Amazon echo. In Proceedings of the Conference Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI EA’17). ACM, New York, NY, 2853--2859. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  51. Juan Ramos. 2003. Using tf-idf to determine word relevance in document queries. In Proceedings of the 1st Instructional Conference on Machine Learning, Vol. 242. 133--142.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  52. Stuart Reeves and Barry Brown. 2016. Embeddedness and sequentiality in social media. In Proceedings of the 19th ACM Conference on Computer-Supported Cooperative Work 8 Social Computing (CSCW’16). ACM, New York, NY, 1052--1064. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  53. Jennifer A. Rode, Eleanor F. Toye, and Alan F. Blackwell. 2005. The domestic economy: A broader unit of analysis for end user programming. In Proceedings of the Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI EA’05). ACM, New York, NY, 1757--1760. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  54. Benjamin Romano. 2017. Managing the internet of things. In Proceedings of the 2017 ACM SIGCSE Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education (SIGCSE’17). ACM, New York, NY, 777--778. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  55. Xin Rong, Adam Fourney, Robin N. Brewer, Meredith Ringel Morris, and Paul N. Bennett. 2017. Managing uncertainty in time expressions for virtual assistants. In Proceedings of the Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI’17). ACM, New York, NY, 568--579. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  56. Gerard Salton and Christopher Buckley. 1988. Term-weighting approaches in automatic text retrieval. Inf. Process. Manag. 24, 5 (1988), 513--523. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  57. Nicole Shechtman and Leonard M. Horowitz. 2003. Media inequality in conversation: How people behave differently when interacting with computers and people. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI’03). ACM, New York, NY, 281--288. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  58. Peter Tolmie, Andy Crabtree, Stefan Egglestone, Jan Humble, Chris Greenhalgh, and Tom Rodden. 2010. Digital plumbing: The mundane work of deploying UbiComp in the home. Personal and Ubiquitous Computing 14, 3 (Apr. 2010), 181--196. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  59. Peter Tolmie, Andy Crabtree, Tom Rodden, Chris Greenhalgh, and Steve Benford. 2007. Making the home network at home: Digital housekeeping. In ECSCW 2007. Springer, London, 331--350.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  60. Janice Y. Tsai, Patrick Kelley, Paul Drielsma, Lorrie Faith Cranor, Jason Hong, and Norman Sadeh. 2009. Who’s viewed you?: The impact of feedback in a mobile location-sharing application. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI’09). ACM, New York, NY, 2003--2012. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  61. Giorgio Vassallo, Giovanni Pilato, Agnese Augello, and Salvatore Gaglio. 2010. Phase coherence in conceptual spaces for conversational agents. In Semantic Computing. Wiley-Blackwell, 357--371.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  62. Sergey Volokhin and Eugene Agichtein. 2018. Understanding music listening intents during daily activities with implications for contextual music recommendation. In Proceedings of the on Human Information Interaction 8 Retrieval (CHIIR’18). ACM, New York, NY, 313--316. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  63. Rick Wash, Emilee Rader, and Chris Fennell. 2017. Can people self-report security accurately?: Agreement between self-report and behavioral measures. In Proceedings of the Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI’17). ACM, New York, NY, 2228--2232. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  64. Thomas Zachariah, Noah Klugman, Bradford Campbell, Joshua Adkins, Neal Jackson, and Prabal Dutta. 2015. The internet of things has a gateway problem. In Proceedings of the 16th International Workshop on Mobile Computing Systems and Applications (HotMobile’15). ACM, New York, NY, 27--32. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library

Index Terms

  1. Music, Search, and IoT: How People (Really) Use Voice Assistants

    Recommendations

    Comments

    Login options

    Check if you have access through your login credentials or your institution to get full access on this article.

    Sign in

    Full Access

    • Published in

      cover image ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction
      ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction  Volume 26, Issue 3
      June 2019
      254 pages
      ISSN:1073-0516
      EISSN:1557-7325
      DOI:10.1145/3328720
      Issue’s Table of Contents

      Copyright © 2019 ACM

      Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for components of this work owned by others than the author(s) must be honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee. Request permissions from [email protected].

      Publisher

      Association for Computing Machinery

      New York, NY, United States

      Publication History

      • Published: 26 April 2019
      • Accepted: 1 February 2019
      • Revised: 1 January 2019
      • Received: 1 July 2018
      Published in tochi Volume 26, Issue 3

      Permissions

      Request permissions about this article.

      Request Permissions

      Check for updates

      Qualifiers

      • research-article
      • Research
      • Refereed

    PDF Format

    View or Download as a PDF file.

    PDF

    eReader

    View online with eReader.

    eReader

    HTML Format

    View this article in HTML Format .

    View HTML Format