Renjie Zhao
ABSTRACT
Current UHF RFID systems suffer from two long-standing problems: 1) miss-reading non-line-of-sight or misoriented tags and 2) cross-reading undesired, distant tags due to multi-path reflections. This paper proposes a novel system, NFC+, to overcome the fundamental challenges. NFC+ is a magnetic field reader, which can inventory standard NFC tagged objects with a reasonably long range and arbitrary orientation. NFC+ achieves this by leveraging physical and algorithmic techniques based on magnetic resonance engineering. We build a prototype of NFC+ and conduct extensive evaluations in a logistic network. Comparing to UHF RFID, we find that NFC+ can reduce the miss-reading rate from 23% to 0.03%, and cross-reading rate from 42% to 0, for randomly oriented objects. NFC+ demonstrates high robustness for RFID unfriendly media (e.g., water bottles and metal cans). It can reliably read commercial NFC tags at a distance of up to 3 meters which, for the first time, enables NFC to be directly applied to practical logistics network applications.
Supplemental Material
- Parcel Pending. Package Delivery Statistics: A Global Perspective. https://www.parcelpending.com/blog/package-delivery-statistics/, 2018.Google Scholar
- Impinj. Accurate Inventory Visibility with RAIN RFID. https://www.impinj.com/library/blog/2020-in-2020-accurate-inventory-visibility-with-rain-rfid, 2019.Google Scholar
- Carla R Medeiros, Jorge R Costa, and Carlos A Fernandes. Rfid reader antennas for tag detection in self-confined volumes at uhf. IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine, 53(2):39--50, 2011.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Ju Wang, Liqiong Chang, Omid Abari, and Srinivasan Keshav. Are rfid sensing systems ready for the real world? In Proceedings of the 17th Annual International Conference on Mobile Systems, Applications, and Services, pages 366--377, 2019.Google ScholarDigital Library
- Texas Instrument. Antenna design guide for the trf79xxa. http://www.ti.com/lit/an/sloa241b/sloa241b.pdf, February 2018.Google Scholar
- Melexis Inc. 13.56 mhz rfid systems and antennas design guide. https://www.limpkin.fr/public/NFC/RFID_antennas.pdf, 2004.Google Scholar
- NXP. Nxp and identiv announce breakthrough in nfc tag pricing. https://www.nfcw.com/2019/02/05/361215/nxp-and-identiv-announce-breakthrough-in-nfc-tag-pricing, 2019.Google Scholar
- Mohsen Shahmohammadi, Matt Chabalko, and Alanson P Sample. High-q, over-coupled tuning for near-field rfid systems. In 2016 IEEE International Conference on RFID (RFID), pages 1--8. IEEE, 2016.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Sunil K Timalsina, Rabin Bhusal, and Sangman Moh. Nfc and its application to mobile payment: Overview and comparison. In 2012 8th International Conference on Information Science and Digital Content Technology (ICIDT2012), volume 1, pages 203--206. IEEE, 2012.Google Scholar
- Florian Pfeiffer, Klaus Finkenzeller, and Erwin Biebl. Theoretical limits of iso/iec 14443 type a rfid eavesdropping attacks. In Smart SysTech 2012; European Conference on Smart Objects, Systems and Technologies, pages 1--9. VDE, 2012.Google Scholar
- Thomas H Lee. The design of CMOS radio-frequency integrated circuits. Cambridge university press, 2003.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Constantine Balanis. Antenna Theory: Analysis and Design, chapter 5, pages 235--284. John wiley & sons, 2016.Google Scholar
- Carl R. Nave. Magnetic field of current loop. http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/magnetic/curloo.html#c4.Google Scholar
- The Clemson University Vehicular Electronics Laboratory. Inductance Calculator. https://cecas.clemson.edu/cvel/emc/calculators/Inductance_Calculator/circular.html, 2020.Google Scholar
- Ltd. Guangzhou Andea Electronics Technology Co. Cots long range nfc reader. http://en.gzandea.com/English/Products/126, 2015.Google Scholar
- Raymond M Fish and Leslie A Geddes. Conduction of electrical current to and through the human body: a review. Eplasty, 9, 2009.Google Scholar
- F.Dörenberg. Small magnetic transmitting loop. https://www.nonstopsystems.com/radio/frank_radio_antenna_magloop.htm, 2015.Google Scholar
- Frank Dörenberg. Small "magnetic" transmitting loop for 80-20 mtrs. https://www.apple.com/iphone-11/specs/.Google Scholar
- Voyantic. Tagformance pro. https://voyantic.com/products/tagformance-pro.Google Scholar
- Texas Instruments. Trf7970a multiprotocol fully integrated 13.56-mhz rfid and near field communication (nfc) transceiver ic. Datasheet, SLOS743L-REVISED MARCH, 2017.Google Scholar
- Melanie R Rieback, Georgi Gaydadjiev, Bruno Crispo, Rutger FH Hofman, and Andrew S Tanenbaum. A platform for rfid security and privacy administration. In USENIX LISA, pages 89--102, 2006.Google ScholarDigital Library
- Dinesh Bharadia, Emily McMilin, and Sachin Katti. Full duplex radios. In Proceedings of the ACM SIGCOMM 2013 conference on SIGCOMM, pages 375--386, 2013.Google ScholarDigital Library
- Renjie Zhao, Timothy Woodford, Teng Wei, Kun Qian, and Xinyu Zhang. M-Cube: A Millimeter-Wave Massive MIMO Software Radio. In Proceedings of the 26th Annual International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking (MobiCom), New York, NY, USA, 2020.Google Scholar
- Yunfei Ma, Nicholas Selby, and Fadel Adib. Drone relays for battery-free networks. In Proceedings of the Conference of the ACM Special Interest Group on Data Communication, pages 335--347, 2017.Google ScholarDigital Library
- MIT open courseware. Maxwell's equation, electromagnetic waves. https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/physics/8-03sc-physics-iii-vibrations-and-waves-fall-2016/part-ii-electromagnetic-waves/lecture-12/, 2015.Google Scholar
- ISO. Iso/iec 15693-2:2006 [iso/iec 15693-2:2006]. https://www.iso.org/standard/39695.html, 2006.Google Scholar
- Gary R Zanzig. Loop antenna with integral tuning capacitor, 1991. US Patent 5,072,233.Google Scholar
- NXP. Icode. https://www.nxp.com/products/rfid-nfc/nfc-hf/, 2019.Google Scholar
- Google. Pixel 4. https://store.google.com/product/pixel_4_specs.Google Scholar
- Proxmark. Open-Source NFC. https://proxmark.com, 2020.Google Scholar
- Byungje Lee, Byeongkwan Kim, Frances J Harackiewicz, Byeonggwi Mun, and Hyunwoo Lee. Nfc antenna design for low-permeability ferromagnetic material. IEEE Antennas and wireless propagation letters, 13:59--62, 2014.Google Scholar
- Konstantinos Domdouzis, Bimal Kumar, and Chimay Anumba. Radio-frequency identification (rfid) applications: A brief introduction. Advanced Engineering Informatics, 21(4):350--355, 2007.Google ScholarDigital Library
- Yunfei Ma, Nicholas Selby, and Fadel Adib. Minding the billions: Ultra-wideband localization for deployed rfid tags. In Proceedings of the 23rd Annual International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking, pages 248--260, 2017.Google ScholarDigital Library
- Dan Gilmore. Did walmart's failed case tagging program set rfid back or move it forward? Supply Chain Digest, 2017.Google Scholar
- Robert H Clarke, Diana Twede, Jeffrey R Tazelaar, and Kenneth K Boyer. Radio frequency identification (rfid) performance: the effect of tag orientation and package contents. Packaging Technology and Science: An International Journal, 19(1):45--54, 2006.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Sozo Inoue, Daisuke Hagiwara, and Hiroto Yasuura. Systematic error detection for rfid reliability. In First International Conference on Availability, Reliability and Security (ARES'06), pages 7-pp. IEEE, 2006.Google Scholar
- Vidyasagar Potdar, Pedram Hayati, and Elizabeth Chang. Improving rfid read rate reliability by a systematic error detection approach. In 2007 1st Annual RFID Eurasia, pages 1--5. IEEE, 2007.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Teng Wei and Xinyu Zhang. Gyro in the air: tracking 3d orientation of batteryless internet-of-things. In Proceedings of the 22nd Annual International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking (MobiCom), pages 55--68, 2016.Google ScholarDigital Library
- Miodrag Bolic, Majed Rostamian, and Petar M Djuric. Proximity detection with rfid: A step toward the internet of things. IEEE Pervasive Computing, 14(2):70--76, 2015.Google ScholarDigital Library
- Lei Yang, Yekui Chen, Xiang-Yang Li, Chaowei Xiao, Mo Li, and Yunhao Liu. Tagoram: Real-time tracking of mobile rfid tags to high precision using cots devices. In Proceedings of the 20th annual international conference on Mobile computing and networking, pages 237--248, 2014.Google ScholarDigital Library
- Longfei Shangguan and Kyle Jamieson. The design and implementation of a mobile rfid tag sorting robot. In Proceedings of the 14th Annual International Conference on Mobile Systems, Applications, and Services, pages 31--42, 2016.Google ScholarDigital Library
- Jue Wang, Deepak Vasisht, and Dina Katabi. Rf-idraw: virtual touch screen in the air using rf signals. ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review, 44(4):235--246, 2014.Google ScholarDigital Library
- Jue Wang, Haitham Hassanieh, Dina Katabi, and Piotr Indyk. Efficient and reliable low-power backscatter networks. ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review, 42(4):61--72, 2012.Google ScholarDigital Library
- Jingxian Wang, Junbo Zhang, Rajarshi Saha, Haojian Jin, and Swarun Kumar. Pushing the range limits of commercial passive rfids. In USENIX Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation (NSDI), pages 301--316, 2019.Google Scholar
- Pengyu Zhang, Jeremy Gummeson, and Deepak Ganesan. Blink: A high throughput link layer for backscatter communication. In Proceedings of the 10th international conference on Mobile systems, applications, and services, pages 99--112, 2012.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Vincent Liu, Aaron Parks, Vamsi Talla, Shyamnath Gollakota, David Wetherall, and Joshua R Smith. Ambient backscatter: Wireless communication out of thin air. ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review, 43(4):39--50, 2013.Google ScholarDigital Library
- Deepak Vasisht, Guo Zhang, Omid Abari, Hsiao-Ming Lu, Jacob Flanz, and Dina Katabi. In-body backscatter communication and localization. In Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the ACM Special Interest Group on Data Communication, pages 132--146, 2018.Google ScholarDigital Library
- Yunfei Ma, Zhihong Luo, Christoph Steiger, Giovanni Traverso, and Fadel Adib. Enabling deep-tissue networking for miniature medical devices. In Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the ACM Special Interest Group on Data Communication, pages 417--431, 2018.Google ScholarDigital Library
- Pengyu Zhang, Mohammad Rostami, Pan Hu, and Deepak Ganesan. Enabling practical backscatter communication for on-body sensors. In Proceedings of the 2016 ACM SIGCOMM Conference, pages 370--383, 2016.Google ScholarDigital Library
- Bryce Kellogg, Aaron Parks, Shyamnath Gollakota, Joshua R Smith, and David Wetherall. Wi-fi backscatter: Internet connectivity for rf-powered devices. In Proceedings of the 2014 ACM conference on SIGCOMM, pages 607--618, 2014.Google ScholarDigital Library
- Nikola Tesla. Apparatus for transmitting electrical energy., December 1 1914. US Patent 1,119,732.Google Scholar
- Andre Kurs, Aristeidis Karalis, Robert Moffatt, John D Joannopoulos, Peter Fisher, and Marin Soljačić. Wireless power transfer via strongly coupled magnetic resonances. science, 317(5834):83--86, 2007.Google Scholar
- Joaquin J Casanova, Zhen Ning Low, and Jenshan Lin. A loosely coupled planar wireless power system for multiple receivers. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, 56(8):3060--3068, 2009.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Jouya Jadidian and Dina Katabi. Magnetic mimo: How to charge your phone in your pocket. In Proceedings of the 20th annual international conference on Mobile computing and networking, pages 495--506, 2014.Google ScholarDigital Library
- Steven Kisseleff, Ian F Akyildiz, and W Gerstacker. Beamforming for magnetic induction based wireless power transfer systems with multiple receivers. In 2015 IEEE Global Communications Conference (GLOBECOM), pages 1--7. IEEE, 2015.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Nikolay Tal, Yahav Morag, and Yoash Levron. Magnetic induction antenna arrays for mimo and multiple-frequency communication systems. Progress In Electromagnetics Research, 75:155--167, 2017.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Lixin Shi, Zachary Kabelac, Dina Katabi, and David Perreault. Wireless power hotspot that charges all of your devices. In Proceedings of the 21st Annual International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking, pages 2--13, 2015.Google ScholarDigital Library
- Randy H. Katz. Cost, price, and price for performance. http://bnrg.eecs.berk.eley.edu/~randy/Courses/CS252.S96/Lecture05.pdf, 1996.Google Scholar
- Daniel D Deavours. Uhf epc tag performance evaluation. RFID Journal [Online], May, 2005.Google Scholar
- IEEE Standards Coordinating Committee. Ieee standard for safety levels with respect to human exposure to radio frequency electromagnetic fields, 3khz to 300ghz. IEEE C95. 1-1991, 1992.Google Scholar
Index Terms
- NFC+: Breaking NFC Networking Limits through Resonance Engineering
Recommendations
Secured mobile transaction using NFC technology: top-up printing system
CIMMACS'11/ISP'11: Proceedings of the 10th WSEAS international conference on Computational Intelligence, Man-Machine Systems and Cybernetics, and proceedings of the 10th WSEAS international conference on Information Security and PrivacyNFC technology has become a success across a broad range of applications depending on its largescale adoption by enterprises and consumers. Unfortunately, NFC security is still a major concern for the business. This study proposes a secure mobile ...
Analysis of factors that affect nfc mobile payment technology adoption: (case study: telkomsel cash)
ICTCE '17: Proceedings of the 2017 International Conference on Telecommunications and Communication EngineeringThe non-cash transaction technology is constantly developed from time to time for more efficient transaction, including the development of ¬e-money technology on mobile phone with NFC as the main payment instrument, known as NFC mobile payment. In order ...
Technological Diffusion of Near Field Communication NFC
Near Field Communication NFC is increasingly being employed in modern consumer devices and until now it has been used for mobile payments. However, on further investigation there are other areas where NFC has a key role. Recent developments in Medical ...
Comments