Alison Clear
Tony Clear
Mirela Gutica
Arnold Pears
Charles Riedesel
Justyna Szynkiewicz
ABSTRACT
The broadly influential document Computing Curricula 2005 (CC2005) is in the process of being updated through a project called Computing Curricula 2020 (CC2020). CC2020 provides a vision for the future of computing education, including a comprehensive report that contrasts curricular guidelines, and contextualizing those guidelines within the broader landscape of computing education. In the process, a framework of competency-based educational principles has been developed which is closely aligned with other skills and qualifications frameworks. This working group report demonstrates one way in which the transition from current learning-outcomes-based practices to the competency-based practices can be approached. Further, the paper discusses the challenges and insights that have emerged as the learning outcomes for various Knowledge Areas in the CS2013 report were re-expressed in terms of competencies.
- ACM Computing Curricula Task Force (Ed.). 2013. Computer Science Curricula 2013: Curriculum Guidelines for Undergraduate Degree Programs in Computer Science. ACM, Inc. https://doi.org/10.1145/2534860Google Scholar
- Joanna Allan. 1996. Learning outcomes in higher education. Studies in higher education 21, 1 (1996), 93--108. Type: Journal Article.Google Scholar
- Lorin W. Anderson, David R. Krathwohl, Peter W. Airasian, Kathleen A. Cruik- shank, Richard E. Mayer, Paul R. Pintrich, James Raths, and Merlin C. Wittrock. 2001. A taxonomy for learning, teaching, and assessing: A revision of Bloom's taxonomy of educational objectives, abridged edition (1 ed.). Pearson, New York, NY.Google Scholar
- R.M. Baron and D.A. Kenny. 1986. The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 52 (1986), 1173--1182. https://psych. wisc.edu/henriques/mediator.htmlGoogle ScholarCross Ref
- S Beecham, T Clear, J Barr, M Daniels, M Oudshoorn, and J Noll. 2017. Preparing Tomorrow's Software Engineers for Work in a Global Environment. IEEE Software 34, 1 (2017), 9--12. https://doi.org/10.1109/MS.2017.16 Type: Journal Article.Google ScholarDigital Library
- Mordechai Ben-Ari. 1998. Constructivism in computer science education. ACM SIGCSE Bulletin 30, 1 (March 1998), 257--261. https://doi.org/10.1145/274790. 274308Google ScholarDigital Library
- Meurig Beynon. 2009. Constructivist Computer Science Education Reconstructed. Innovation in Teaching and Learning in Information and Computer Sciences 8, 2 (June 2009), 73--90. https://doi.org/10.11120/ital.2009.08020073 Publisher: Routledge _eprint: https://doi.org/10.11120/ital.2009.08020073.Google Scholar
- Stephen Billett. 2009. Realising the educational worth of integrating work experi- ences in higher education. Studies in Higher Education 34, 7 (Nov. 2009), 827--843. https://doi.org/DOI:10.1080/03075070802706561Google ScholarCross Ref
- Benjamin S Bloom, Max D Englehart, Edward J Furst, Walter H Hill, and David R Krathwohl. 1956. Taxonomy of educational objectives. Vol. 1: Cognitive domain. McKay, New York:. https://scholar.google.ca/scholar?q=Bloom,+B.+S. %3B+Engelhart,+M.+D.%3B+Furst,+E.+J.%3B+Hill,+W.+H.%3B+Krathwohl,+D. +R.+(1956).+Taxonomy+of+educational+objectives:+The+classification+ of+educational+goals.+Handbook+I:+Cognitive+domain.+New+York: +David+McKay+Company.&hl=en&as_sdt=0&as_vis=1&oi=scholartGoogle Scholar
- Stefania Bocconi, Augusto Chioccariello, Giuliana Dettori, Anusca Ferrari, Katja Engelhardt, Panagiotis Kampylis, and Yves Punie. 2016. Developing computational thinking in compulsory education. JRC Working Papers JRC104188. Joint Research Centre (Seville site). 68 pages. https://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/ handle/JRC104188Google Scholar
- Claus Brabrand and Bettina Dahl. 2009. Analyzing CS Competencies Using the SOLO Taxonomy. In Proceedings of the 14th Annual ACM SIGCSE Conference on Innovation and Technology in Computer Science Education (ITiCSE '09). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 1--1. https://doi.org/10.1145/1562877.1562879Google ScholarDigital Library
- Barbara Bre?ko and Anusca Ferrari. 2016. The digital competence frame- work for consumers. Science for Policy EUR28133EN. Joint Research Cen- ter (JRC). 28 pages. http://www.acrmalta.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/ DigCompConsumersfinalpublicationJRC103155.pdf DOI 10.2791/278444. Corpus ID: 114779981.Google Scholar
- Quinn Burke and Cinamon Sunrise Bailey. 2020. Becoming an 'adaptive' expert. Commun. ACM 63, 9 (2020), 56--64.Google ScholarDigital Library
- Francesca Caena and Christine Redecker. 2019. Aligning teacher competence frameworks to 21st century challenges: The case for the European Digital Com- petence Framework for Educators (Digcompedu). European Journal of Education 54, 3 (2019), 356--369. Publisher: Wiley Online Library.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Michael E Casrsen, Judith Gal-Ezer, Andrew McGettrick, and Enrico Nardelli. 2018. Informatics for All The strategy. ACM.Google Scholar
- T Clear. 2015. 'Follow the moon' development: writing a systematic literature review on Global Software Engineering Education [Keynote Presentation]. In Proceedings of the 15th Baltic Sea Conference on Computing Education Research, (Koli Calling), P Kinnunen and J Sheard (Eds.). ACM, New York, 1--4. https: //doi.org/10.1145/2828959.2835019 Type: Book Section.Google ScholarDigital Library
- European Commission. 2018. Commission staff working document accompanying the document Proposal for a Council Recommendation on Key Competences for Lifelong Learning. (2018).Google Scholar
- Quintin Cutts, Elizabeth Patitsas, Elizabeth Cole, Peter Donaldson, Bedour Al- shaigy, Mirela Gutica, Arto Hellas, Edurne Larraza-Mendiluze, Robert McCart- ney, and Charles Riedesel. 2018. Early developmental activities and computing proficiency. In Proceedings of the 2017 ITiCSE Conference (Working Group Re- ports). Association for Computing Machinery, Bologna, Italy, 140--157. https: //doi.org/10.1145/3174781.3174789Google Scholar
- Mats Daniels, Åsa Cajander, Tony Clear, and Roger McDermott. 2015. Col- laborative technologies in global engineering : New competencies and chal- lenges. International journal of engineering education 31, 1 (2015), 267--281. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-240569Google Scholar
- Andrea Danyluk, Paul Leidig, Lillian Cassel, and Christian Servin. 2019. ACM Task Force on Data Science Education: Draft Report and Opportunity for Feedback. In Proceedings of the 50th ACM Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education. Association for Computing Machinery, Minneapolis, MN, 496--497.Google ScholarDigital Library
- Michael Eraut. 2010. Knowledge, Working Practices, and Learning. In Learning Through Practice: Models, Traditions, Orientations and Approaches, Stephen Billett (Ed.). Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht, 37--58. https://doi.org/10.1007/978--90- 481--3939--2_3Google Scholar
- Peter A. Facione, Noreen C. Facione, and Carol A. Giancarlo. 2000. The Disposition Toward Critical Thinking: Its Character, Measurement, and Re- lationship to Critical Thinking Skill. Informal Logic 20, 1 (2000), 61-- 84. https://www.insightassessment.com/content/download/755/4787/file/J_ Infrml_Ppr+_2000+-+Disp+%26+Skls.pdfGoogle ScholarCross Ref
- Katrina Falkner, Sue Sentance, Rebecca Vivian, Sarah Barksdale, Leonard Busuttil, Elizabeth Cole, Christine Liebe, Francesco Maiorana, Monica M McGill, and Keith Quille. 2019. An International Study Piloting the MEasuring TeacheR Enacted Computing Curriculum (METRECC) Instrument. In Proceedings of the Working Group Reports on Innovation and Technology in Computer Science Education. 111-- 142.Google ScholarDigital Library
- Stephen Frezza, Åsa Cajander, Arnold Pears, Mats Daniels, Viggo Kann, Aman- preet Kapoor, Roger McDermott, Anne-Kathrin Peters, Charles Wallace, and Mihaela Sabin. 2018. Modeling global competencies for computing education. In Proceedings of the 23rd Annual ACM Conference on Innovation and Technology in Computer Science Education - ITiCSE 2018. ACM Press, Larnaca, Cyprus, 348--349. https://doi.org/10.1145/3197091.3205844Google ScholarDigital Library
- Stephen Frezza, Tony Clear, and Alison Clear. 2020. Unpacking Dispositions in the CC2020 Computing Curriculum Overview Report. In Proceedings of the 50th Frontiers in Education Conference. IEEE CS, Uppsala, Sweden, 9.Google Scholar
- Stephen Frezza, Mats Daniels, and Aaron Wilkins. 2019. Assessing Students? IT Professional Values in a Global Project Setting. ACM Transactions on Computing Education Special Issue on Global Software Eningeering Education, TBD (2019), 33.Google Scholar
- D Giordano, A Faro, F Maiorana, C Pino, and C Spampinato. 2009. Feeding back learning resources repurposing patterns into the 'information loop': opportuni- ties and challenges. In 9th International Conference on Information Technology and Applications in Biomedicine. IEEE, Larnaca, Cyprus, 1--6. https://doi.org/DOI: 10.1109/ITAB16117.2009Google Scholar
- Gerald Grant. 1979. On competence: a critical analysis of competence-based reforms in higher education. ERIC (1979).Google Scholar
- Paul Hager, Andrew Gonczi, and James Athanasou. 1994. General issues about assessment of competence. Assessment and evaluation in higher education 19, 1 (1994), 3--16. Type: Journal Article.Google Scholar
- Holly Hendrigan, Keshav Mukunda, and Diana Cukierman. 2020. A Case Study and Call to Action: Incorporating the ACRL Framework for Information Literacy in Undergraduate CS Courses. In Proceedings of the 2020 ACM Conference on Innovation and Technology in Computer Science Education. 198--204.Google ScholarDigital Library
- Trevor Hussey, Patrick Smith, and Patrick Smith. 2012. The Trouble with Higher Education : A Critical Examination of our Universities. Routledge. https://doi. org/10.4324/9780203866344Google Scholar
- Leo Irakliotis and Sally Johnstone. 2014. Competency-based education pro- grams versus traditional data management. EDUCAUSE Review online 1 (May 2014). https://er.educause.edu/articles/2014/5/competencybased-education- programs-versus-traditional-data-managementGoogle Scholar
- Joint Task Force for Computing Curricula 2005. 2005. Computing Curricula 2005. Technical Report September. ACM / IEEE CS. 62 pages. https://www.acm.org/binaries/content/assets/education/curricula- recommendations/cc2005-march06final.pdf Backup Publisher: The Association for Computing Machinery (ACM), The Association for Information Systems (AIS), and The Computer Society (IEEE-CS) ISBN: 159593359X.Google Scholar
- Panagiotis Kampylis, Yves Punie, Jim Devine, and others. 2015. Promoting effective digital-age learning-A European framework for digitally-competent educational organisations. Technical Report. Joint Research Centre (Seville site).Google Scholar
- Declan Kennedy, Áine Hyland, and Norma Ryan. 2009. Learning outcomes and competencies. In Introducing Bologna objectives and tools. Number B 2.3--3. DUZ International, Cork, IRE, 59--76. https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/423a/ 3e8656c0990f516ca78ace21ec79eacf8440.pdfGoogle Scholar
- Karoline Koeppen, Johannes Hartig, Eckhard Klieme, and Detlev Leutner. 2008. Current Issues in Competence Modeling and Assessment. Zeitschrift für Psycholo- gie / Journal of Psychology 216, 2 (Jan. 2008), 61--73. https://doi.org/10.1027/0044- 3409.216.2.61Google Scholar
- Matthias Kramer, Peter Hubwieser, and Torsten Brinda. 2016. A Competency Structure Model of Object-Oriented Programming. In 2016 International Confer- ence on Learning and Teaching in Computing and Engineering (LaTICE). IEEE CS, Mumbai, India? 1--8. https://doi.org/10.1109/LaTiCE.2016.24Google Scholar
- Kris Magnusson and John Osborne. 1990. The rise of competency-based education: A deconstructionist analysis. The Journal of Educational Thought (JET)/Revue de la Pensée Educative 24, 1 (April 1990), 5--13. Type: Journal Article.Google Scholar
- Francesco Maiorana. 2019. Interdisciplinary Computing for STE (A) M: a low Floor high ceiling curriculum. Innovations, Technologies and Research in Education (2019), 37.Google Scholar
- A. L. Mchenry, D. R. Depew, M. J. Dyrenfurth, D. D. Dunlap, D. A. Keating, T. G. Stanford, and G. Deloatch. 2005. Constructivism: The Learning Theory That Supports Competency Development of Engineers For Engineering Practice and Technology Leadership Through Graduate Education. In Proceedings of the 2005 American Society for Engineering Education Annual Conference & Exposition. ASEE, Portland, OR. https://peer.asee.org/collections/10Google Scholar
- B Mennecke and J Hoffer. 1992. The Implications of Group Development and History for Group Support System Theory and Practice. Small Group Research 23, 4 (1992), 524--572. Type: Journal Article.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Martin Mulder. 2017. Competence Theory and Research: A Synthesis. In Competence-based Vocational and Professional Education. Springer, Cham, 1071-- 1106. https://doi.org/10.1007/978--3--319--41713--4_50Google Scholar
- Enrico Nardelli, Luca Forlizzi, Michael Lodi, Violetta Lonati, Claudio Mirolo, Mattia Monga, Alberto Montresor, and Anna Morpugo. 2017. Proposal for a national Informatics curriculum in the Italian school. Technical Report. National Interuniversity consortium for Informatics.Google Scholar
- A. Nylén, M. Daniels, V. Isomöttönen, and R. McDermott. 2017. Open-ended projects opened up - aspects of openness. In 2017 IEEE Frontiers in Education Conference (FIE). 1--7. https://doi.org/10.1109/FIE.2017.8190510Google ScholarCross Ref
- Co-operation Organisation for Economic and Development. 2018. The future of education and skills: Education 2030. Directorate for Education and Skills, OECD Paris, France.Google Scholar
- Arnold Pears and Lauri Malmi. 2009. Values and Objectives in Computing Education Research. ACM Transactions on Computing Education 9, 3 (Sept. 2009), 1--6. https://doi.org/10.1145/1594399.1594400Google ScholarDigital Library
- D. N. Perkins, Eileen Jay, and Shari Tishman. 1993. Beyond Abilities: A Dis- positional Theory of Thinking. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly 39, 1 (1993), 1--21. http://www.jstor.org/stable/23087298Google Scholar
- Jean Piaget. 1976. Piaget's Theory. In Piaget and His School: A Reader in Develop- mental Psychology, Bärbel Inhelder, Harold H. Chipman, and Charles Zwingmann (Eds.). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 11--23. https://doi.org/10.1007/978--3--642- 46323--5_2Google Scholar
- Eetu Pikkarainen. 2014. Competence as a Key Concept of Educational Theory: A Semiotic Point of View. Journal of Philosophy of Education 48, 4 (Nov. 2014), 621--636. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467--9752.12080Google ScholarCross Ref
- Katherine C. Powell and Cody J. Kalina. 2009. Cognitive and Social Construc- tivism: Developing Tools for an Effective Classroom. Education 130, 2 (2009), 241--250. Publisher: Project Innovation, Inc.Google Scholar
- Mihaela Sabin, Hala Alrumaih, and John Imipagliazzo. 2018. A Competency-based Approach toward Curricular Guidelines for Information Technology Education. In 2018 Global Engineering Education Conference. IEEE, Tenerife, 1214--1221. https: //doi.org/10.1109/EDUCON.2018.8363368Google ScholarCross Ref
- Mihaela Sabin, Svetlana Peltsverger, Bill Paterson, Ming Zhang, and Hala Alru- maih. 2017. IT2017 Report: Putting It to Work. In Proceedings of the 18th Annual Conference on Information Technology Education (SIGITE '17). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 95--96. https://doi.org/10.1145/3125659.3125672Google ScholarDigital Library
- Deborah L. Schussler. 2006. Defining Dispositions: Wading Through Murky Waters. The Teacher Educator 41, 4 (March 2006), 251--268. https://doi.org/10. 1080/08878730609555387Google ScholarCross Ref
- James Shiveley and Thomas Misco. 2010. 'But How Do I Know About Their Atti- tudes and Beliefs'?: A Four-Step Process for Integrating and Assessing Disposi- tions in Teacher Education. The Clearing House: A Journal of Educational Strategies, Issues and Ideas 83, 1 (Jan. 2010), 9--14. https://doi.org/10.1080/00098650903267669Google ScholarCross Ref
- IEEE Computer Society. 2014. Software Engineering Competency Model (SWECOM). Technical Report Version 1.0. https://www.computer.org/web/peb/swecomGoogle Scholar
- Angela Stoof, Rob L. Martens, and Jeroen JG Van Merriënboer. 2000. What is competence? A constructivist approach as a way out of confusion. Onderwijs Research Dagen (ORD), Leiden, The Netherlands (2000).Google Scholar
- Miho TAGUMA, Miho Senior Analyst, Eva FERON, and LIM Meow Hwee. 2018. Future of Education and Skills 2030: Conceptual Learning Framework. (2018).Google Scholar
- Cara Tang, Cindy Tucker, Christian Servin, Markus Geissler, and Melissa Stange. 2020. Curricular Guidance for Associate-Degree Cybersecurity Programs. In Proceedings of the 51st ACM Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education. 1285--1285.Google ScholarDigital Library
- Scientific United Nations Educational and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). 2011. UNESCO ICT competency framework for teachers. (2011). Publisher: UNESCO, Paris, France.Google Scholar
- Marcel Van der Klink and Jo Boon. 2002. The investigation of competencies within professional domains. Human Resource Development International 5, 4 (2002), 411--424.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Marcel Van der Klink, Jo Boon, and Kathleen Schlusmans. 2007. Competences and Vocational Higher Education: Now and in Future. European journal of vocational training 40, 1 (2007), 67--82.Google Scholar
- Rebecca Vivian and Katrina Falkner. 2019. Identifying Teachers? Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge for Computer Science in the Primary Years. In Proceedings of the 2019 ACM Conference on International Computing Education Research. 147--155.Google ScholarDigital Library
- Richard A. Voorhees. 2001. Competency-Based Learning Models: A Necessary Future. New Directions for Institutional Research 2001, 110 (2001), 5--13. https: //doi.org/10.1002/ir.7Google ScholarCross Ref
- Riina Vuorikari, Yves Punie, Stephanie Carretero Gomez, Godelieve Van Den Brande, and others. 2016. DigComp 2.0: The digital competence framework for citizens. Update phase 1: The conceptual reference model. Technical Report. Joint Research Centre (Seville site).Google Scholar
- L. S. Vygotski?? and Michael Cole. 1978. Mind in society: the development of higher psychological processes. Harvard University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
- Leslie Waguespack and Babb. 2019. Toward Visualizing Computing Curric- ula: The Challenge of Competency. In Information Systems Education Journal (ISEDJ), Vol. 17 n4. ISCAP, Cleveland, OH, 51--69. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ EJ1219541.pdfGoogle Scholar
- Leslie Waguespack, Heikki Topi, Stephen Frezza, Jeffry Babb, Linda Marshall, Shingo Takada, Gerrit van der Veer, and Arnold Pears. 2019. Adopting Compe- tency Mindful of Professionalism in Baccalaureate Computing Curricula. In 2019 Proceedings of the EDSIGCON Conference, Vol. 5 n4955. ISCAP, Cleveland, OH, 17. http://proc.iscap.info/2019/pdf/4955.pdfGoogle Scholar
Index Terms
- Designing Computer Science Competency Statements: A Process and Curriculum Model for the 21st Century
Recommendations
Modeling global competencies for computing education
ITiCSE 2018: Proceedings of the 23rd Annual ACM Conference on Innovation and Technology in Computer Science EducationThis working group contributes to formulating a framework for modeling competencies in the current and future disciplines that comprise computing education. We draw upon the innovative approach taken in the curricular document for information technology ...
Modelling competencies for computing education beyond 2020: a research based approach to defining competencies in the computing disciplines
ITiCSE 2018 Companion: Proceedings Companion of the 23rd Annual ACM Conference on Innovation and Technology in Computer Science EducationHow might the content and outcomes of tertiary education programmes be described and analysed in order to understand how they are structured and function? To address this question we develop a framework for modelling graduate competencies linked to ...
Developing Competency Statements for Computer Science Curricula: The Way Ahead
ITiCSE '20: Proceedings of the 2020 ACM Conference on Innovation and Technology in Computer Science EducationThis Working Group aims to take the current approved Computer Science curricula document, CS2013, and redevelop it into competency statements. The CC2020 project has designed and built a prototype of a visualization tool to compare and contrast current ...
Comments