ABSTRACT
Next generation wireless networks embrace mmWave technology for its high capacity. Yet, mmWave radios bear a fundamental coverage limitation due to the high directionality and propagation artifacts. In this paper, we explore an economical paradigm based on 3D printing technology for mmWave coverage expansion. We propose MilliMirror, a fully passive metasurface, which can reshape and resteer mmWave beams to anomalous directions to illuminate the coverage blind spots. We develop a closed-form model to efficiently synthesize the MilliMirror design with thousands of unit elements and across a wide frequency band. We further develop an economical process based on 3D printing and metal deposition to fabricate MilliMirror. Our field test results show that MilliMirror can effectively fill the coverage holes and operate transparently to the standard mmWave beam management protocols.
- Omid Abari, Dinesh Bharadia, Austin Duffield, and Dina Katabi. 2017. Enabling High-Quality Untethered Virtual Reality. In In Proceedings of USENIX NSDI.Google Scholar
- Federico Agnoletto, Pau Castells, Emanuel Kolta, and Dennisa Nichiforov-Chuang. 2020. The economics of mmWave 5G: An assessment of total cost of ownership in the period to 2025. GSMA Intelligence (2020).Google Scholar
- Airfide. 2021. Airfide, a 5G Sorfware Company. https://airfidenet.com/.Google Scholar
- Abdulrahman Ahmed Ghaleb Amer, Syarfa Zahirah Sapuan, Nasimuddin Nasimuddin, Arokiaswami Alphones, and Nabiah Binti Zinal. 2020. A comprehensive review of metasurface structures suitable for RF energy harvesting. IEEE Access 8 (2020), 76433--76452.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Venkat Arun and Hari Balakrishnan. 2020. RFocus: Beamforming using thousands of passive antennas. In In Proceedings of USENIX NSDI.Google Scholar
- VS Asadchy, Ana Díaz-Rubio, SN Tcvetkova, D-H Kwon, Amr Elsakka, Mohamed Albooyeh, and SA Tretyakov. 2017. Flat engineered multichannel reflectors. APS Physical Review X 7, 3 (2017), 031046.Google Scholar
- IEEE Standards Association. 2012. IEEE Standards 802.11ad-2012: Enhancements for Very High Throughput in the 60 GHz Band.Google Scholar
- D Berry, R Malech, and W Kennedy. 1963. The reflectarray antenna. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation 11, 6 (1963), 645--651.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Michael Boyarsky, Timothy Sleasman, Mohammadreza F Imani, Jonah N Gollub, and David R Smith. 2021. Electronically steered metasurface antenna. Nature Scientific reports 11, 1 (2021), 1--10.Google Scholar
- Bao-Jie Chen, Huan Yi, Kung Bo Ng, Shi-Wei Qu, and Chi Hou Chan. 2016. 3D printed reflectarray antenna at 60 GHz. In In Proceedings of IEEE ISAP.Google Scholar
- Lili Chen, Wenjun Hu, Kyle Jamieson, Xiaojiang Chen, Dingyi Fang, and Jeremy Gummeson. 2021. Pushing the physical limits of iot devices with programmable metasurfaces. In In Proceedings of USENIX NSDI.Google Scholar
- Youji Cong, Guonian Wang, and Zhengdong Qi. 2015. A pattern synthesis method for large planar antenna array. Progress in Electromagnetics Research M 43 (2015), 147--156.Google ScholarCross Ref
- CJ Davenport and JM Rigelsford. 2014. Slanted-comb frequency selective surface for use in reducing specular scatter for TM polarization. In Proceedings of IEEE LAPC.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Paul I Deffenbaugh, Thomas M Weller, and Kenneth H Church. 2015. Fabrication and microwave characterization of 3-D printed transmission lines. IEEE Microwave and wireless components letters 25, 12 (2015), 823--825.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Sanjay Kumar Dubey and Debasis Mandal. 2021. Digitally Controlled Steered Dual Beam Pattern Synthesis of a Rectangular Planar Array Antenna in a Range of Azimuth Plane Using Evolutionary Algorithms. EMW Progress In Electromagnetics Research C 114 (2021), 185--202.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Manideep Dunna, Chi Zhang, Daniel Sievenpiper, and Dinesh Bharadia. 2020. ScatterMIMO: Enabling virtual MIMO with smart surfaces. In In Proceedings of ACM MobiCom.Google ScholarDigital Library
- Mario D'Auria, William J Otter, Jonathan Hazell, Brendan TW Gillatt, Callum Long-Collins, Nick M Ridler, and Stepan Lucyszyn. 2015. 3-D printed metal-pipe rectangular waveguides. IEEE Transactions on Components, Packaging and Manufacturing Technology 5, 9 (2015), 1339--1349.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Caroline Gabriel. 2020. Verizon lines up three partners to address the mmWave 5G coverage challenge. https://rethinkresearch.biz/articles/verizon-lines-three-partners-address-mmwave-5g-coverage-challenge/.Google Scholar
- Dongxing Gao, Rui Yang, Dong Li, Jiacheng Li, Zhenya Lei, and Fushun Zhang. 2018. Meta-surface based convex reflectors for generating highly directive pencil-beams and fan-beams. OSA Optical Materials Express 8, 5 (2018), 1359--1367.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Marco Giordani, Michele Polese, Arnab Roy, Douglas Castor, and Michele Zorzi. 2018. A tutorial on beam management for 3GPP NR at mmWave frequencies. IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials 21, 1 (2018), 173--196.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Thomas H Hand, Jonah Gollub, Soji Sajuyigbe, David R Smith, and Steven A Cummer. 2008. Characterization of complementary electric field coupled resonant surfaces. AIP Applied Physics Letters 93, 21 (2008), 212504.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Saif Hannan, Mohammad Tariqul Islam, Ali F Almutairi, and Mohammad Rashed Iqbal Faruque. 2020. Wide bandwidth angle-and polarization-insensitive symmetric metamaterial absorber for X and Ku band applications. Nature Scientific Reports 10, 1 (2020), 1--9.Google Scholar
- Randy L Haupt. 2010. Antenna arrays: a computational approach. John Wiley & Sons.Google Scholar
- HP. 2021. HP 3D High Reusability PA 12. https://www.materialise.com/en/manufacturing/materials/pa-12-mjf.Google Scholar
- Chongwen Huang, Sha Hu, George C Alexandropoulos, Alessio Zappone, Chau Yuen, Rui Zhang, Marco Di Renzo, and Merouane Debbah. 2020. Holographic MIMO surfaces for 6G wireless networks: Opportunities, challenges, and trends. IEEE Wireless Communications 27, 5 (2020), 118--125.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Yi Huang and Kevin Boyle. 2008. Antennas: from theory to practice. John Wiley & Sons.Google Scholar
- Ruey Bing Hwang. 2000. Scattering characteristics of two-dimensionally periodic impedance surface. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation 48, 10 (2000), 1521--1527.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Robert W. Heath Jr. 2019. Going Toward 6G [From the Editor]. IEEE Signal Process. Mag. 36, 3 (2019).Google ScholarCross Ref
- KEYCOM. 2021. Frequency change Method, Free Space Type Dielectric Constant, Dielectric Loss Tangent, Transmission attenuation (Permittivity, Dk/Df) Measurement equipment. https://www.keycom.co.jp/eproducts/dps/dps10/page.html.Google Scholar
- Mohammad Khalaj-Amirhosseini. 2020. Phase-only synthesis of planar arrays using autocorrelation matching method. Wiley International Journal of RF and Microwave Computer-Aided Engineering 30, 5 (2020), 22153.Google Scholar
- Wahab Khawaja, Ozgur Ozdemir, Yavuz Yapici, Fatih Erden, and Ismail Guvenc. 2020. Coverage Enhancement for NLOS mmWave Links Using Passive Reflectors. IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society (2020).Google ScholarCross Ref
- B Langen, G Lober, and W+ Herzig. 1994. Reflection and transmission behaviour of building materials at 60 GHz. In In Proceedings of IEEE International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications, Wireless Networks-Catching the Mobile Future.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Jean-Jacques Laurin et al. 2013. Specular reflection analysis for off-specular reflectarray antennas. IEEE transactions on antennas and propagation 61, 7 (2013), 3575--3581.Google Scholar
- Wonwoo Lee, Semin Jo, Kanghyeok Lee, Hong Soo Park, Junhyuk Yang, Ha Young Hong, Changkun Park, Sun K Hong, and Hojin Lee. 2021. Single-layer phase gradient mmWave metasurface for incident angle independent focusing. Scientific reports 11, 1 (2021), 1--7.Google Scholar
- Zhuqi Li, Can Wu, Sigurd Wagner, James C Sturm, Naveen Verma, and Kyle Jamieson. 2021. REITS: Reflective Surface for Intelligent Transportation Systems. In In Proceedings of ACM HotMobile.Google ScholarDigital Library
- Zhuqi Li, Yaxiong Xie, Longfei Shangguan, Rotman Ivan Zelaya, Jeremy Gummeson, Wenjun Hu, and Kyle Jamieson. 2019. Towards programming the radio environment with large arrays of inexpensive antennas. In In Proceedings of USENIX NSDI.Google Scholar
- John Nolan, Kun Qian, and Xinyu Zhang. 2021. RoS: Passive Smart Surface for Roadside-to-Vehicle Communication. In In Proceedings of ACM SIGCOMM.Google ScholarDigital Library
- Andreas E Olk, Pierre EM Macchi, and David A Powell. 2020. High-efficiency refracting millimeter-wave metasurfaces. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation 68, 7 (2020), 5453--5462.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Open Signal. 2020. Quantifying the mmWave 5G Experience in the US. https://www.opensignal.com/2021/04/28/quantifying-the-mmwave-5g-experience-in-the-us.Google Scholar
- James M Ortega and Werner C Rheinboldt. 2000. Iterative solution of nonlinear equations in several variables. SIAM.Google Scholar
- Jae-Yong Park, Wonil Seo, Sehoon Yoo, and Young-Ho Kim. 2017. Effect of Cu electroplating parameters on microvoid formation and high-speed shear strength in Sn-3.0 Ag-0.5 Cu/Cu joints. Elsevier Journal of Alloys and Compounds 724 (2017), 492--500.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Zhangyou Peng, Linxiao Li, Miao Wang, Zhonghao Zhang, Qi Liu, Yang Liu, and Ruoran Liu. 2016. An Effective Coverage Scheme With Passive-Reflectors for Urban Millimeter-Wave Communication. IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters 15 (2016), 398--401.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Reza Rofougaran. 2021. 5G mmWave Mobility Powered by Movandi. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1FnWOHG64Gw.Google Scholar
- Miguel Ruphuy and Carlos E Saavedra. 2021. 3D printed millimeter-wave beam-steering reflector using dielectric fluids. JOSA A 38, 2 (2021), 237--244.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Aman Samaiyar, Ahmed H Abdelrahman, and Dejan S Filipovic. 2018. Iterative Phase Correction Technique for Design of Non-Conventional Reflectarray Antennas. In In Proceedings of IEEE AP-S/URSI.Google Scholar
- Diptiranjan Samantaray and Somak Bhattacharyya. 2020. A gain-enhanced slotted patch antenna using metasurface as superstrate configuration. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation 68, 9 (2020), 6548--6556.Google ScholarCross Ref
- B Schultz. 2013. 802.11 ad-WLAN at 60 GHz-A technology introduction. Rohde & Schwarz (2013).Google Scholar
- Virendra V Singh, Fernando Soto, Kevin Kaufmann, and Joseph Wang. 2015. Micromotor-based energy generation. Angewandte Chemie 127, 23 (2015), 7000--7003.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Siradel. 2021. Vocano 5G: Propagation Modeling for 5G Network Planning. https://www.siradel.com/solutions/software/volcano-5g/.Google Scholar
- Elahe Soltanaghaei, Akarsh Prabhakara, Artur Balanuta, Matthew Anderson, Jan M Rabaey, Swarun Kumar, and Anthony Rowe. 2021. Millimetro: mmWave retro-reflective tags for accurate, long range localization. In In Proceedings of ACM MobiCom.Google ScholarDigital Library
- Ylo E. Stahler. 1963. Corner Reflectors as Elements Passive Communication Satellites. IEEE Transactions on Aerospace 1, 2 (1963), 161--172.Google ScholarCross Ref
- StrataSys. 2021. VeroClear. https://www.stratasys.com/materials/search/veroclear.Google Scholar
- 3D Systems. 2021. VisiJet M3 Crystal. https://www.3dsystems.com/materials/visijet-m3-crystal.Google Scholar
- Xin Tan, Zhi Sun, Dimitrios Koutsonikolas, and Josep M Jornet. 2018. Enabling indoor mobile millimeter-wave networks based on smart reflect-arrays. In In Proceedings of IEEE INFOCOM.Google ScholarDigital Library
- Mac E Van Valkenburg. 2001. Reference data for engineers: radio, electronics, computers and communications. Newnes.Google Scholar
- Hiroki Wakatsuchi, Sanghoon Kim, Jeremiah J Rushton, and Daniel F Sievenpiper. 2013. Waveform-dependent absorbing metasurfaces. APS Physical review letters 111, 24 (2013), 245501.Google Scholar
- Song Wang, Jingqi Huang, Xinyu Zhang, Hyoil Kim, and Sujit Dey. 2020. X-Array: Approximating Omnidirectional Millimeter-Wave Coverage Using an Array of Phased Arrays. In Proceedings of the 26th ACM Annual International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking (MobiCom).Google ScholarDigital Library
- Galen Watts. 2015. A surface treatment for non-specular reflection. In Proceedings of IEEE AP-S/URSI.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Teng Wei and Xinyu Zhang. 2017. Pose Information Assisted 60 GHz Networks: Towards Seamless Coverage and Mobility Support. In In Proceedings of ACM MobiCom.Google ScholarDigital Library
- Teng Wei, Anfu Zhou, and Xinyu Zhang. 2017. Facilitating Robust 60 GHz Network Deployment by Sensing Ambient Reflectors. In Proceedings of the 14th USENIX Conference on Networked Systems Design and Implementation (NSDI).Google ScholarDigital Library
- Tim Williams. 2016. EMC for product designers. Newnes.Google Scholar
- Xi Xiong, Justin Chan, Ethan Yu, Nisha Kumari, Ardalan Amiri Sani, Changxi Zheng, and Xia Zhou. 2017. Customizing indoor wireless coverage via 3D-fabricated reflectors. In In Proceedings of ACM BuildSys.Google ScholarDigital Library
- Huan Yi, Shi-Wei Qu, Kung-Bo Ng, Chi Hou Chan, and Xue Bai. 2015. 3-D printed millimeter-wave and terahertz lenses with fixed and frequency scanned beam. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation 64, 2 (2015), 442--449.Google ScholarCross Ref
- R. Ivan Zelaya, William Sussman, Jeremy Gummeson, Kyle Jamieson, and Wenjun Hu. 2021. LAVA: Fine-Grained 3D Indoor Wireless Coverage for Small IoT Devices. In In Proceedings of ACM SIGCOMM.Google ScholarDigital Library
- Hanting Zhao, Ya Shuang, Menglin Wei, Tie Jun Cui, Philipp Del Hougne, and Lianlin Li. 2020. Metasurface-assisted massive backscatter wireless communication with commodity Wi-Fi signals. Nature communications 11, 1 (2020), 1--10.Google Scholar
- Renjie Zhao, Timothy Woodford, Teng Wei, Kun Qian, and Xinyu Zhang. 2020. M-cube: A millimeter-wave massive MIMO software radio. In Proceedings of ACM MobiCom.Google ScholarDigital Library
Index Terms
- MilliMirror: 3D printed reflecting surface for millimeter-wave coverage expansion
Recommendations
Fully passive 3D printed reflecting surface for millimeter-wave coverage expansion
MobiSys '22: Proceedings of the 20th Annual International Conference on Mobile Systems, Applications and ServicesThis demonstration presents a working prototype of MilliMirror. This fully passive metasurface expands coverage blind spots of mmWave radios by reshaping and re-steering mmWave signals to any anomalous directions. The MilliMirror prototype consists of ...
Miniaturization of Square Patch Antenna using Complementary Split Ring Resonators
ICACC '13: Proceedings of the 2013 Third International Conference on Advances in Computing and CommunicationsIn this paper, a novel compact micro strip antenna, designed on FR4 substrate, is proposed. Here, a compact square patch antenna is designed in such a way that the radiating patch is loaded by a layer of metal between the patch and the ground which ...
Analysis and design of sub-6 beam steerable antenna array using meta-material loaded vivaldi elements
AbstractIn this paper, a sub-6 beam-steerable antenna array system is introduced. The main radiating element in the proposed array is a gain-enhanced Vivaldi antenna, whose overall realized gain is improved by introducing near-zero-index metamaterial (...
Comments