Lee D. Erman
- ARBI79 ARBIB, M A, AND CAPLAN, D. "Neurohnguistics must be computational," Be. hav. Brain Sc~. 2, 3 (1979).Google Scholar
- BAHL76 BAHL, L. R., BAKER, J K., COHEN, P S., DIXON, N. R., JELINEK, F., MERCER, R. L., AND SILVERMAN, H.F. "Preliminary results on the performance of a system for the automatm recognition of continuous speech," in 1976 IEEE Int Conf. Acousttcs, Speech, and Signal Processmg, Philadelphia, Apr. 1976, pp. 425-433Google Scholar
- BAHL78 BAHL, L. R., BAKER, J. K., COHEN, P. S., COLE, A. G, JELINEK, F., LEWIS, B. L., AND MERCER, R.L. "Automatic recognition of continuously spoken sentences from a fimte state grammar," m Proc. IEEE Int. Conf Acoustws, Speech, and Signal Processing, Tulsa, Okla., Apr. 1978, pp. 418-421.Google ScholarCross Ref
- BALZ80 BALZER, R., ERMAN, L D., AND WILLIAMS, C. Hearsay-IIi: A domazn-~ndependent base for knowledge-based problem-solv. rag, Tech. Rep., USC/Information Sciences Institute, Marina del Rey, Cahf, 1980. To appear.Google Scholar
- BARN77 BARNETT, J A., AND BERNSTEIN, M. I. Knowledge-based systems. A tutorial, Tech. Rep. TM-(L)-5903/000/00 (NTIS AD/A-044-883), System Development Corp., Santa Momca, Cahf., June 1977.Google Scholar
- BERN76 BERNSTEIN, M.I. Interactwe systems re. search. Final report to the Dwector, Advanced Research Projects Agency, Tech. Rep. TM-5243/006/00, System Development Corp., Santa Momca, Cahf., Sept. 1976.Google Scholar
- BURT76 BURTON, R. R Semantw grammar. An engmeermg technique for constructing natural language understanding systems, Tech Rep BBN Rep. No. 3453, Bolt Beranek and Newman, Cambridge, Mass, 1976.Google Scholar
- CMU77 CMU COMPUTER SCIENCE SPEECH GROUP. Summary of the CMU fwe.year ARPA effort ~n speech understanding research, Tech. Rep., Computer Science Dep., Carnegm-Mellon Univ, Pittsburgh, Pa, 1977.Google Scholar
- CRON77 CRONK, R. "Word pair adjacency acceptance procedure in Hearsay-II," in CMU77, pp 15-16.Google Scholar
- DUDA78 DUDA, R. O, HART, P. E, NILSSON, N. J., AND SOUTHERLAND, G. L. "Semantic network representation in rule-based reference systems," in Pattern-dwected ~nference systems, D. A. Waterman and F. Hayes-Roth, Eds., Academic Press, New York, 1978, pp. 203-222.Google Scholar
- ENGE77 ENGELMORE, R. S., AND NII, H. P. A knowledge-based system for the mterpretatzon of prote~n X-ray crystallographtc data, Tech. Rep Stan-CS-77-589, Computer Science Dep., Stanford Univ., Stanford, Cahf., 1977. Google ScholarCross Ref
- ERMA75 ERMAN L. D., AND LESSER, V. R. "A multi-level organization for problem solving using many diverse cooperating sources of knowledge," m Proc. 4th Int. Jt. Conf. Arttf~ctal Intelhgence, Tbilisi, USSR, 1975, pp. 483-490Google Scholar
- ERMA78 ERMAN, L. D., AND LESSER, V R. "System engineering techniques for arhficlal mtelhgence systems," in Computer ws~on systems, A. Hanson and E. Riseman, Eds., Academic Press, New York, 1978, pp. 37- 45.Google Scholar
- ERNS69 ERNST, G, AND NEWELL, A. GPS: A case study tn generahty and problem solving, Academic Press, New York, 1969.Google Scholar
- FEIG71 FEIGENBAUM, E A, BUCHANAN, B. G., AND LEDERBERG, J. "On generality and problem solving' A case study using the DENDRAL program," in Machine intelhgence 6, D. Michm, Ed, Edinburgh Univ Press, Edinburgh, Scotland, 1971.Google Scholar
- FEIG77 FEIGENBAUM, E. A "The art of artificial intelligence: Themes and case studies of knowledge engineering," in Proc. 5th Int. Jt. Conf Artificial Intelligence, Cambridge, Mass., 1977, pp. 1014-1029.Google ScholarCross Ref
- FOX77 Fox, M. S., AND MOSTOW, D.J. "Maximal consistent ,nterpretatlons of errorful data in hierarchically modelled domains," m Proc 5th int Jt Conf. Artificial Intelhgence, Cambridge, Mass., 1977, pp 65- 171.Google Scholar
- FOX79a Fox, M. S. "An organizational wew of distributed systems," m Proc. Int. Conf. Systems and Cybernetzcs, Denver, Colo., Oct. 1979.Google Scholar
- FOX79b Fox, M S. Organization structuring: Designing large, complex software, Tech. Rep CMU-CS-79-115, Computer Science Dep., Carnegm-Mellon Univ, Pittsburgh, Pa., 1979Google Scholar
- GILL78 GILL, G., GOLDBERG, H., REDDY, R., AND YEGNANARAYANA, B. A recurswe segmentatton procedure for continuous speech, Tech. Rep. CMU-CS-78-134, Computer Science Dep, Carnegie-Mellon Univ., Pittsburgh, Pa., May 1978.Google Scholar
- GOLD77 GOLDBERG, H., REDDY, R., AND GILL, G "The ZAPDASH parameters, feature extraction, segmentation, and labeling for speech understanding systems," in CMU77, pp. 10-11.Google Scholar
- GOOD76 GOOt)MAN, G. Analysis of languages for man-machine voice communwatton, Tech. Rep., Comliuter Science Dep., Carnegie-Mellon Univ., Pittsburgh, Pa., May 1976.Google Scholar
- HANS78 HANSON, A. R., AND RISEMAN, E. M. "VISIONS: A computer system for interpreting scenes," in Computer vtston systems, A. Hanson and E. Riseman, Eds., Academic Press, New York, 1978, pp. 303- 333.Google Scholar
- HARR74 HARRIS, L.R. "The heuristic search under conditions of error," Artif. Intell. 5, 3 (1974), 217-234Google ScholarCross Ref
- HAYE75 HAYES-ROTH, F., AND MOSTOW, D J. "An automatically compilable recognition network for structured patterns," m Proc. 4th Int Jt. Conf. Artificial Intelligence, Tbihsl, USSR, 1975, pp. 246-252.Google Scholar
- HAYE77a HAYES-ROTH, F., AND LESSER, V. R. "Focus of attention in the Hearsay-iI system," m Proc. 5th Int. Jt. Conf Artifictal Intelltgence, Cambridge, Mass., 1977, pp. 27-35.Google Scholar
- HAYE77b HAYES-ROTH, F., ERMAN, L. D., Fox, M., AND MOSTOW, D.J. "Syntactic processmg m Hearsay-II," in CMU77, pp 16-18.Google Scholar
- HAYE77c HAYES-ROTH, F., GILL, G., AND MOSTOW, D.J. "Dmcourse analysis and task performance in the Hearsay-Ii speech understanding system," in CMU77, pp. 24-28.Google Scholar
- HAYE77d HAYES-ROTH, F., LESSER, V. R., MOSTOW, D. J., ANt) ERMAN, L. D. "Policies for rating hypotheses, halting, and selecting a solution in Hearsay-II," in CMU77, pp. 19-24Google Scholar
- HAYE78a HAYES-ROTH, F., WATERMAN, D. A., AND LENAT, D.B. "Principles of pattern-directed inference systems," in Pattern.d~. rected reference systems, D. A. Waterman and F. Hayes-Roth, Eds., Academic Press, New York, 1978.Google Scholar
- HAYE78b HAYES-ROTH, F. "The role of partial and best matches m knowledge systems," m Pattern.dwected inference systems, D. A. Waterman and F. Hayes-Roth, Eds., Academic Press, New York, 1978.Google Scholar
- HAYE79a HAYES-ROTH, B., AND HAYES-ROTH, F. Cognitive processes in planning, Tech. Rep. R-2366-ONR, The RAND Corp., Santa Monica, Calif., 1979.Google Scholar
- HAYE79b HAYES-ROTH, B., AND HAYES-ROTH, F. "A cognitive model of planning," Cogni. twe Sci 3 (1979), 275-310.Google ScholarCross Ref
- HAYE79c HAYES-ROTH, B., HAYES-ROTH, F., RO- SENSCHEIN, S., AND CAMMARATA, S. "Modeling planning as an incremental opportunistic process," in Proc. 6th Int. Jt. Conf. Araficial intelligence, Tokyo, 1979, pp. 375-383.Google Scholar
- HAYE80 HAYEs-RoTH, F. "Syntax, semantics, and pragmatics in speech understanding," in Trends in speech recognition, W. A. Lea, Ed., Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N.J., 1980.Google Scholar
- ITAK75 ITAKURA, F. "Mimmum prediction residual principle applied to speech recognition," IEEE Trans. Acoust., Speech, Sig. nal Proc. 23 (1975), 67-72.Google ScholarCross Ref
- KLAT77 KLATT, D. H. "Review of the ARPA speech understanding project," J. A coust. Soc. Am. 62 (Dec. 1977), 1345-1366.Google ScholarCross Ref
- LEA79 LEA, W. A., AND SHOUP, J.E. Rewew of the ARPA SUR Project and survey of current technology in speech understandrag, Final Rep., Office of Naval Research Contract No. N00014-77-C-0570, Speech Communications Research Lab., Los Angeles, Calif., Jan. 1979.Google Scholar
- LEA80 LEA, W. A., ED. Trends m speech recognition, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N.J., 1980. Google Scholar
- LESS75 LESSER, V. R., FENNELL, R. D., ERMAN, L. D., AND REDDY, D.R. "Organization of the Hearsay-II speech understanding system," IEEE Trans. Acous., Speech, Signal Proc. 23 (1975), 11-23.Google ScholarCross Ref
- LESS77a LESSER, V. R., HAYES-ROTH, F., BIRN- BAUM, M., AND CI~ONK, R. "Selection of word islands in the Hearsay-II speech understanding system," in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Acoustics, Speech, and S~gnal Processing, Hartford, Conn., 1977, pp. 791- 794.Google Scholar
- LESS77b LESSER, V. R., AND ERMAN, L. D. "A retrospective view of the Hearsay-II architecture," m Proc. 5th Int. Joint Conf. Artificial Intelligence, Cambridge, Mass., 1977, pp. 790-800.Google Scholar
- LESS79 LESSER, V. R., AND ERMAN, L. D "An experiment in distributed interpretation," m 1st Int. Conf D~str~buted Computing Systems, IEEE Computer Society, Huntsvflle, AIR., Oct 1979, pp. 553-571.Google Scholar
- LESS80 LESSER, V. R., PAVLIN, J., AND REED, S. Quantifying and s~mulatmg the behavior of knowledge-based systems, Tech. Rep., Dep Computer and Information Sciences, Univ. Massachusetts, Amherst, Mass., 1980.Google Scholar
- LEVI78 LEVINE, M. D. "A knowledge-based computer vision system," in Computer vtsion systems, A. Hanson and E. Riseman, Eds,, Academic Press, New York, 1978, pp. 335-352.Google Scholar
- LOWE76 LOWERRE, B. T The HARPY speech recogn~twn system, Ph.D. thesis, Computer Science Dep., Carnegie-Mellon Univ., Pittsburgh, Pa., 1976. Google Scholar
- LOWE80 LOWERRE, B. T., AND REDDY, R "The HARPY speech understanding system," m Trends in speech recognttmn, W. A. Lea, Ed., Prentice-Hall, Englewood Chffs, N.J., 1980, Chap. 15Google Scholar
- LOWR80 LOWRANCE, J. Dependence-graph models of evidential support, Ph.D. thesis, Dep Computer and Information Sciences, Univ. Massachusetts, 1980 (forthcoming).Google Scholar
- MANN79 MANN, W.C. "Design for dialogue comprehension," in 17th Ann. Meeting Assoc. Computational Lingu~stws, La Jolla, Calif., Aug. 1979. Google Scholar
- MCKE77 MCKEOWN, D.M. "Word verlficatmn in the Hearsay-II speech understanding system," m Proc. IEEE int. Conf Acoustics, Speech, and Stgnal Processing, Hartford, Conn., 1977, pp. 795-798.Google Scholar
- MEDR78 MEDRESS, M. F., COOPER, F. S., FORGIE, J. W., GREEN, C. C., KLATT, D. H., O'MALLEY, M. H., NEUBURG, E. P., NEW- ELL, A., REDD~, D. R., RITEA, B., SHOUP- HUMMEL, J. E., WALKER, D. E., AND WOODS, W. A. "Speech understanding systems: Report of a steering committee," Art~f. Intell. 9 (1978), 307-316.Google ScholarCross Ref
- MOST77 MOSTOW, D.J. "A halting condition and related pruning heuristic for combinatorial search," in CMU77, pp. 158-166.Google Scholar
- NEWE69 NEWELL, A. "Heuristic programming: Ill-structured problems," in Progress tn operatmns research 3, J. Aronofsky, Ed., Wiley, New York, 1969, pp. 360-414.Google Scholar
- NEWE73 NEWELL, A., BARNETT, J., FORGIE, J., GREEN, C., KLATT, D., LICKLIDER, J. C. R., MUNSON, J., REDDY, R., AND WOODS, W Speech understanding systems Final report of a study group, North-Holland, Amsterdam, 1973.Google Scholar
- NEWE75 NEWELL, A, "A tutorial on speech understanding systems," in Speech recogntmn: Inwted papers of the IEEE symposium, D. R. Reddy, Ed., Academic Press, New York, 1975, pp. 3-54Google Scholar
- NEWE77 NEWELL, A., McDERMOTT, J., AND FOR~ GIE, C. Artificial ~ntelhgence: A selfpaced introductory course, Computer Science Dep., Carnegie-Mellon Umv., Pittsburgh, Pa., 1977.Google Scholar
- NEWE80 NEWELL, A. "HARPY, production systems and human cognitmn," in Perceptmn and production of fluent speech, R. Cole, Ed., L. Erlbaum, Hfllsdale, N.J., 1980, Chap. 11.Google Scholar
- NII78 NIL H. P., AND FEIGENBAUM, E A. "Rule-based understanding of signals," in Pattern.dwected Inference systems, D. A. Waterman and F. Hayes-Roth, Eds., Academic Press, New York, 1978.Google Scholar
- NII79 NH, H. P., AND AIELLO, N. "AGE (Attempt to Generalize). A knowledge-based program for braiding knowledge-based programs," in Proc. 6th Int. Jt. Conf. Ar. ttficial Intelligence, Tokyo, Feb. 1979, pp. 645-655.Google Scholar
- NILS71 NILSSON, N. Problem-solwng methods ~n artificial mtelhgence, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1971 Google Scholar
- NORM80 NORMAN, D A. "Copycat science or does the mind really work by table look-up?," m Perception and productmn of fluent speech, R. Cole, Ed., L. Erlbaum, Hillsdale, N.J, 1980, Chap 12.Google Scholar
- POHL70 POHL, I. "First results on the effects of error in heuristic search," in Machine tn. telhgence 5, B. Meltzer and D Mlchm, Eds, Edinburgh Umv Press, Edmburgh, Scotland, t970Google Scholar
- POHL77 POHL, I "Practmal and theoretmal conslderations in heuristic search algorithms," m Machine ~ntelhgence 8, E. Elcock and D. Mmhie, Eds., Elhs Horwood, Chmhester, England, 1977Google Scholar
- REDD73a REDDY, D. R., ERMAN, L. D., AND NEELY, R B "A model and a system for machine recogmtlon of speech," IEEE Trans Audm and Electroacousttcs AU-21 (1973), 229-238.Google ScholarCross Ref
- REDD73b REDDY, D. R., ERMAN, L. D., FENNELL, R. D, AND NEELY, R. B. "The Hearsay speech understanding system An example of the recognition process," m Proc. 3rd Int. Jr. Conf. Art~f~cml Intelhgence, Stanford, Cahf., 1973, pp. 185-193.Google Scholar
- REDD75 REDDY, D. R, ED Speech recognttlon" Inwted papers presented at the 1974 IEEE Symposium, Academic Press, New York, 1975Google Scholar
- REDD76 REDDY, D. R. "Speech recognition by machine: A review," Proc IEEE 64 (Apr. 1976), 501-531.Google ScholarCross Ref
- REIS76 REISER, J. F SAIL, Tech. Rep AIM- 289, AI Lab., Stanford Univ., Stanford, C alif, 1976 Google Scholar
- RUBI78 RUBIN, S. The ARGOS ~mage understandtng system, Ph D. thesis, Computer Science Dep., Carnegie-Mellon Umv, Pittsburgh, Pa., 1978. Google Scholar
- RUME76 RUMELHART, D.E. Toward an mteractwe model of reading, Tech. Rep 56, Center for Human Information Processing, Univ. California, San Diego, 1976Google Scholar
- SACE74 SACERDOTI, E.E. "Planning m a hierarchy of abstraction spaces," Art~f Intell 5 (1974), 115-135.Google ScholarCross Ref
- SHOR75 SHORTLIFFE, E. H, AND BUCHANAN, B. G. "A model of inexact reasomng in medicine," Math Bin. Sc~. 23 (1975)Google Scholar
- SHOR76 SHORTLIFFE, E Computer-based medtcal consultation MYCIN, Elsevier, New York, 1976Google Scholar
- SMIT76 SMITH, A.R. "Word hypotheslzatton m the Hearsay-II speech system," in Proc. IEEE int Conf Acoustzcs, Speech, and Signal Processing, Philadelphia, Pa., 1976, pp. 549-552.Google ScholarCross Ref
- SMIT77 SMITH, A.R. Word hypothestzatmn for large-vocabulary speech understanding systems, Ph D. thesis, Computer Science Dep, Carnegm-Mellon Univ., Pittsburgh, Pa., 1977. Google Scholar
- SMIT81 SMITH, A. R., AND ERMAN, L. D. "NOAH: A bottom-up word hypotheslzer for large-vocabulary speech-understanding systems," IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. (1981), to be published.Google Scholar
- SOLO77 SOLOWAY, E. M., AND RISEMAN, E M. "Levels of pattern description m learmng," m Proc 5th Int. J. Conf. Artificial Intelhgence, Cambridge, Mass., 1977, pp 801- 811Google Scholar
- SOND78 SONDHI, M. M., AND LEVINSON, S E "Computmg relative redundancy to measure grammatical constraint in speech recogmtmn tasks," in Proc. IEEE Int Conf A cousttcs, Speech, and S~gnal Processrag, Tulsa, Okla., Apr. 1978.Google Scholar
- STEF80 STEFIK, M. Planning wtth constraints, Ph.D thesis, Computer Science Dep., Stanford Univ., Stanford, Cahf., Jan. 1980. Google Scholar
- WALK78 WALKER, D. E., ED. Understanding spoken language, Elsevier North-Holland, New York, 1978. Google ScholarDigital Library
- WALK80 WALKER, D.E. "SRI research on speech understanding," in Trends ~n speech recogn~tmn, W. A. Lea, Ed., Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N.J., 1980, Chap 13Google Scholar
- WOLF80 WOLF, J. j., AND WOODS, W. A. "The HWIM speech understanding system," in Trends ~n speech recognition, W A. Lea, Ed, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N.J., 1980, Chap. 14Google Scholar
- WOOD70 WOODS, W A. "Transttlon network grammars for natural language analysis," Commun ACM 13, 10 (Oct. 1970), 591- 606 Google ScholarDigital Library
- WOOD73 WOODS, W. A., AND MAKHOUL, J. "Mechanical inference problems m continuous speech understanding," in Proc 3rd Int. Jr. Conf. Artificial Intelligence, Stanford, Calif., 1973, pp 73-91, also Arttf. Intell. 5, 1 (Spring 1974), 73-91.Google Scholar
- WOOD76 WOODS, W., BATES, M., BROWN, G., BRUCE, B., COOK, C, KLOVSTAD, J, MAK- HOUL, J., NASH=WEBBER, B., SCHWARTZ, R, WOLF, J, A~D ZUE, V. Speech under. standzng systems: Final technical progress report, Tech Rep 3438, Bolt Beranek and Newman, Cambridge, Mass., Dec. 1976 (in 5ve volumes).Google Scholar
- WOOD77 WOODS, W. A. "Shortfall and density scoring strategies for speech understanding control," m Proc. 5th Int. Jr. Conf Artificial Intelligence, Cambridge, Mass., 1977, pp. 13-26.Google Scholar
Index Terms
- The Hearsay-II Speech-Understanding System: Integrating Knowledge to Resolve Uncertainty
Recommendations
Eliciting Knowledge and Transferring It Effectively to a Knowledge-Based System
The knowledge acquisition bottleneck impeding the development of expert systems is being alleviated by the development of computer-based knowledge acquisition tools. These work directly with experts to elicit knowledge, and structure it appropriately to ...
Integrating machine learning with knowledge acquisition through direct interaction with domain experts
Knowledge elicitation from experts and empirical machine learning are two distinct approaches to knowledge acquisition with differing and mutually complementary capabilities. Learning apprentices have provided environments in which a knowledge engineer ...
Knowledge engineering problems during expert system development
Expert systems are artificial intelligence computer programs which emulate human expertise within some domain of interest. The recent financial successes of such expert systems as PROSPECTOR and XCON have created a demand in government and industry for ...
Comments