Sandeep Purao
Vijay Vaishnavi
Skip Abstract Section
Abstract
We survey metrics proposed for object-oriented systems, focusing on product metrics. The survey is intended for the purposes of understanding, classifying, and analyzing ongoing research in object-oriented metrics. The survey applies fundamental measurement theory to artifacts created by development activities. We develop a mathematical formalism that captures this perspective clearly, giving appropriate attention to the peculiarities of the object-oriented system developmenr process. Consistent representation of the available metrics, following this mathematical formalism, shows that current research in this area contains varying coverage of different products and their properties at different development stages. The consistent representation also facilitates several analyses including aggregation across metrics, usage across metrics, equivalent formulation of metrics by multiple researchers, and exploitation of traditional metrics for object-oriented metrics. We also trace the chronological development of research in this area, and uncover gaps that suggest opportunities for future research.
- Abreu, B. F.and Carapuca, R. 1994. Candidate metrics for object-oriented software within a taxonomy framework. J. Syst. Softw. 26, 87--96. Google Scholar
Digital Library
- Abreu, B. F., Goulao, M., and Esteves, R. 1995. Toward the design quality evaluation of object-oriented software systems. In Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Software Quality. 44--57.Google Scholar
- Baker, A. L., Bieman, J. M., Fenton, N. E., Gustafson, D., Melton, A., and Whitty, R. W. 1990. A philosophy for software measurement. J. Syst. Softw. 12, 277--281. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Bandi, R. K. 1998. Using object-oriented design complexity metrics to predict maintenance performance. Ph.D. dissertation, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Barnes, G. and Swim, B. 1993. Inheriting software metrics. J. Obj.-Orient. Program. 6 (November--December), 27--34.Google Scholar
- Basili, V. R. 1992. Software modeling and measurement: The Goal/Question/Metric paradigm. Tech. Rep. CS-TR-2956. Department of Computer Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Basili, V. R., Briand, L. C., and Melo, W. L. 1996. A validation of object-oriented design metrics as quality indicators. IEEE Trans. Softw. Eng. 22, 751--761. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Baudoin, C. and Hollowell, G. 1996. Realizing the Object-Oriented Lifecycle. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Berard, E. V. 1993. Essays on Object-Oriented Software Engineering. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Bieman, J. M. and Karinathini, S. 1995. Measurement of language-supported reuse in object-oriented and object-based software. J. Syst. Softw. 30, 271--293. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Blum, B. A. 1994. Taxonomy of software development methods. Commun. ACM 37, 82--94. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Booch, G. 1994. Object-Oriented Analysis and Design with Applications. Benjamin/Cummings Pub. Co., Redwood City, CA. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Briand, L. C., Daly, J. W., and Wust, J. K. 1999. A unified framework for coupling measurement in object-oriented systems. IEEE Trans. Softw. Eng. 25, 91--121. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Brooks, F. 1987. No silver bullet: Essence and accidents of software engineering. IEEE Comput. 20, 4, 10--19. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Bush, M. E. and Fenton, N. E. 1990. Software measurement: A conceptual framework. J. Syst. Softw. 20, 223--231. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Chen, J. Y. and Lu, J. F. 1993. A new metric for object-oriented design. Inform. Softw. Tech. 35 (April), 232--240.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Chidamber, S. R. and Kemerer, C. F. 1991. Towards a metric suite for object oriented design. SIGPLAN Not. 26, 197--211. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Chidamber, S. R. and Kemerer, D. F. 1994. A metrics suite for object-oriented design. IEEE Trans. Softw. Eng. 20, 476--493. Google ScholarDigital Library
- De Champeaux, D. 1997. Object-Oriented Development Process and Metrics. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Etzkorn, L., Baniya, J., and Davis, C. 1999. Design and complexity metrics for OO classes. J. OOP 12, 1, 35--40.Google Scholar
- Fenton, N. E. 1991. Software Metrics, A Rigorous Approach. Chapman & Hall, New York, NY. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Fenton, N. E. 1994. Software measurement: A necessary scientific basis. IEEE Trans. Softw. Eng. 20, 199--206. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Fenton, N. E. and Pfleeger, S. L. 1997. Software Metrics, A Rigorous and Practical Approach, 2nd ed. International Thomson Computer Press, Boston, MA. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Finkelstein, L. 1984. A Review of the Fundamental Concepts of Measurement. Measurement. 2, 1, 25--34.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Gillibrand, D. and Liu, K. 1998. Quality metrics for OO design. J. Obj.-Orient. Program. 17, 175--184.Google Scholar
- Henderson-Sellers, B. 1996. The mathematical validity of software metrics. Softw. Eng. Notes 21, 89--94. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Ince, D. 1990. Software metrics: Introduction. Inform. Softw. Tech. 32, 297--303. Google ScholarDigital Library
- ISO 9126. 1991. Information technology---Software product evaluation---quality characteristics and guidelines for their use, ISO, Geneva, Switzerland.Google Scholar
- ISO/IEC FCD 9126-2nd. 1998. Software quality characteristics and metrics---part 1: Quality characteristics and sub-characteristics. ISO, Geneva, Switzerland.Google Scholar
- Jacobson, I., Christerson, M., Jonsson, P., and Overgaard, G. 1992. Object-Oriented Software Engineering. A Use Case Driven Approach. Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA. Google Scholar
- Karlsson, E. 1995. Software Reuse: A Holistic Approach. John Wiley & Sons, New York, NY. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Kim, E. M., Chang, O. B., Kusumotos, S., and Kikuno, T. 1994. Analysis of metrics for object-oriented program complexity. In Proceedings of the Eighteenth Annual International Computer Software and Applications Conference (COMPSAC '94). IEEE Computer Society, Press, Los Alamitos, CA, 201--207.Google Scholar
- Li, W. 1998. Another metric suite for object-oriented programming. J. Syst. Softw. 44, 155--162. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Li, W. and Henry, S. 1993. Object oriented metrics that predict maintainability. J. Syst. Softw. 23 (Nov.), 111--122. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Lorenz, M. and Kidd, J. 1994. Object-Oriented Software Metrics. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Marchesi, M. 1998. OOA metrics for the Unified Modeling Language. In Proceedings of the Second Euromicro Conference on Software Maintenance and Reengineering. IEEE Computer Society Press, Los Alamitos, CA. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Marciniak, J. (Ed.) 1994. Encyclopedia of Software Engineering. John Wiley & Sons, New York, NY. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Mc Cabe, T. J. 1976. A complexity measure. IEEE Trans. Softw. Eng. SE-2, 4, 308--320.Google ScholarDigital Library
- McCall, J. A., Richards, P. K., and Walters, G. F. 1977. Factors in software quality, RADC TR-77-369, I, II, III. U.S. Rome Air Development Center Reports NTIS AD/A-049 014, 015, 055. Rome, NY.Google Scholar
- McGregor, J. and Korson, T. 1994. Integrated object-oriented testing and development process. Commun. ACM 37, 59--77. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Mili, H., Mili, F., and Mili, A. 1995. Reusing software: Issues and research directions. IEEE Trans. Softw. Eng. 21, 528--562. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Mylopoulos, J., Chung, L., and Nixon, B. 1992. Representing and using nonfunctional requirements: A process-oriented approach. IEEE Trans. Softw. Eng. 18, 6 (June), 483--497. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Nakanishi, K. T. Arano, K. T., and Imase, M. 1995. A matric for evaluating class library interfaces and its application to library upgrades. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Software Maintenance (ICSM '95, Nice, France). IEEE Computer Society Press, Los Alamitos, CA. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Rational 2001. The Rational Unified Process. Available online at http://www.rational.com/ products/rup/index.jsp.Google Scholar
- Roberts, F. S. 1979. Measurement Theory with Applications to Decision Making, Utility and the Social Sciences. Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA.Google Scholar
- Rombach, H. D. 1990. Design measurement: Some lessons learned. IEEE Softw. 7 (March), 17--25. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Sharble, R. C. and Cohen, S. S. 1993. The object-oriented brewery: A comparison of two object-oriented development methods. ACM SIGSOFT Softw. Eng. Notes 18, 2, 60--73. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Shepperd, M. 1992. Products, processes and metrics. Inform. Softw. Tech. 34, 674--680.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Talbi, T., Meyer, B., and Stapf, E. 2001. A metric framework for object-oriented development. In Proceedings of the 39th IEEE International Conference and Exhibition on Technology of Object-Oriented Languages and Systems (TOOLS). 164--172. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Tegarden, D. P., Sheetz, S. D., and Monarchi, D. E. 1995. A software complexity model of object-oriented systems. Decis. Supp. Syst. 13, 241--262. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Wand, Y. and Weber, R. 1995. On the deep structure of information systems. Inform. Syst. J. 5, 203--223.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Zuse, H. 1991. Software Complexity---Measures and Methods. De Gruyter, Berlin, Germany. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Zuse, H. 2001. Zuse/Drabe Measurement Information System. Available online at http:// home.t-online.de/home/horst.zuse/zd-www. html.Google Scholar
- Zuse, H. and Bollman, P. 1989. Software Metrics: Using Measurement Theory to Describe the Properties and Scales of Static Software Complexity Metrics. Technische Universitat Berlin, Berlin, Germany.Google Scholar
Index Terms
- Product metrics for object-oriented systems
Recommendations
Layer assessment of object-oriented software
Highlights We analyze using multiple linear regression nearly 22,000 classes of 29 Open Source Java systems. In our analysis Chidamber and Kemerer metrics were used as predictors of the layer of each class. Analysis resulted in a new metric, suitable ...
Source code metrics
Three major programming paradigms measured by source code metrics were identified.The CK metrics and the object oriented paradigm are the most studied subjects.Java benchmark systems are the most commonly measured systems in research.Technology on ...
Analysis of reusability of object-oriented systems using object-oriented metrics
In object-oriented systems, assessing reusability plays a key role in reducing a cost and improving the quality of the software. Objectoriented programming helps in achieving the concept of reusability through different types of inheritance programs, ...
Comments