ABSTRACT
Wireless sensor networks promise fine-grain monitoring in a wide variety of environments. Many of these environments (e.g., indoor environments or habitats) can be harsh for wireless communication. From a networking perspective, the most basic aspect of wireless communication is the packet delivery performance: the spatio-temporal characteristics of packet loss, and its environmental dependence. These factors will deeply impact the performance of data acquisition from these networks.In this paper, we report on a systematic medium-scale (up to sixty nodes) measurement of packet delivery in three different environments: an indoor office building, a habitat with moderate foliage, and an open parking lot. Our findings have interesting implications for the design and evaluation of routing and medium-access protocols for sensor networks.
- A. Cerpa, J. Elson, D. Estrin, L. Girod, M. Hamilton, and J. Zhao. Habitat Monitoring: Application Driver For Wireless Communications Technology. In Proceedings of the ACM SIGCOMM Workshop on Data Communications in Latin America and the Caribbean, San Jose, Costa Rica, April 2001. ACM. Google ScholarDigital Library
- A. Cerpa and D. Estrin. ASCENT: Adaptive Self-Configuring sEnsor Networks Topologies. In Proceedings of the IEEE Infocom, volume 3, pages 1278--1287. IEEE Computer Society Press, June 2002.Google ScholarCross Ref
- B. Chen, K. Jamieson, H. Balakrishnan, and R. Morris. Span: An Energy-efficient Coordination Algorithm for Topology Maintenance in Ad Hoc Wireless Networks. In Proceedings of the IEEE Infocom, pages 85--96. IEEE Computer Society Press, 2001. Google ScholarDigital Library
- D. De Couto, D. Aguayo, B. Chambers, and R. Morris. Performance of Multihop Wireless Networks: Shortest Path is Not Enough. In Proceedings of the First Workshop on Hot Topics in Networks (HotNets-I), New Jersey, USA, October 2002.Google Scholar
- D. Estrin, R. Govindan, J. Heidemann, and S. Kumar. Next Century Challenges: Scalable Coordination in Sensor Networks. In Proceedings of the ACM/IEEE International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking, Seattle, WA, USA, August 1999. ACM. Google ScholarDigital Library
- D. Ganesan, B. Krishnamachari, A. Woo, D. Culler, D. Estrin, and S. Wicker. Complex Behavior at Scale: An Experimental Study of Low-Power Wireless Sensor Networks. In Technical Report UCLACSD-TR 02-0013,Computer Science Department, UCLA, July 2002.Google Scholar
- W. R. Heinzelman, J. Kulik, and H. Balakrishnan. Adaptive Protocols for Information Dissemination in Wireless Sensor Networks. In Proceedings of the ACM/IEEE International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking, pages 174--185, Seattle, WA, USA, August 1999. Google ScholarDigital Library
- J. Hightower, C. Vakili, G. Borriello, and R. Want. Design and Calibration of the SpotON Ad-Hoc Location Sensing System, 2001.Google Scholar
- J. Hill, R. Szewczyk, A. Woo, S. Hollar, D. Culler, and K. Pister. System Architecture Directions for Network Sensors. In Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Architectural Support for Programming Languages and Operating Systems, pages 93--104, Cambridge, MA, USA, November 2000. ACM. Google ScholarDigital Library
- M. Horton, D. Culler, K. Pister, J. Hill, R. Szewczyk, and A. Woo. MICA, The Commercialization of Microsensor Motes. In Sensors Magazine, pages 40--48, April 2002.Google Scholar
- C. Intanagonwiwat, R. Govindan, and D. Estrin. Directed Diffusion: A Scalable and Robust Communication Paradigm for Sensor Networks. In Proceedings of the ACM/IEEE International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking, pages 56--67, Boston, MA, USA, August 2000. ACM. Google ScholarDigital Library
- J. Jeong and S. Kim. CS262A Class Project: DOT3 Radio Stack. Technical Report Unpublished, University of California, Berkeley, January 2003.Google Scholar
- D. Kotz and K. Essien. Analysis of a Campus-wide Wireless Network. In Proceedings of the Eighth Annual International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking, pages 107--118, September 2002. Google ScholarDigital Library
- S. Madden, M. Franklin, J. Hellerstein, and W. Hong. TAG: A Tiny Aggregation Service for Ad hoc Sensor Networks. In Proceedings of the USENIX Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation, 2002. Google ScholarDigital Library
- D. Maltz, J. Broch, and D. Johnson. Quantitative Lessons from a Full-Scale Multi-Hop Wireless Ad Hoc Network Testbed. In Proceedings of the IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference, September 2000.Google ScholarCross Ref
- J. Rabaey, E. Arens, C. Federspiel, A. Gadgil, D. Messerschmitt, W. Nazaroff, K. Pister, S. Oren, and P. Varaiya. Smart Energy Distribution and Consumption: Information Technology as an Enabling Force, 2002.Google Scholar
- R. Ramanathan and R. Hain. Topology Control of Multihop Wireless Networks Using Transmit Power Adjustment. In Proceedings of the IEEE Infocom, pages 404--413. IEEE Computer Society Press, 2000.Google ScholarCross Ref
- V. Ramasubramanian, R. Chandra, and D. Mosse. Providing A Bidirectional Abstraction for Unidirectional Ad-Hoc Networks. In Proceedings of the IEEE Infocom, June 2002.Google ScholarCross Ref
- RF Monolithics Inc., http://www.rfm.com. ASH Transceiver TR1000 Application Notes.Google Scholar
- S. Y. Seidel and T. S. Rapport. 914 MHz Path Loss Prediction Model for Indoor Wireless Communication in Multifloored Buildings. In IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, volume 40(2), pages 207--217, February 1992.Google ScholarCross Ref
- D. Tang and M. Baker. Analysis of a local-area wireless network. In Proceedings of the ACM/IEEE International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking, pages 1--10, N. Y., August6--11 2000. ACM Press. Google ScholarDigital Library
- K. Whitehouse and D. Culler. Calibration as a Parameter Estimation Problem in Sensor Network. In Proc. ACM Workshop on Sensor Networks and Applications, Atlanta, GA, 2002. Google ScholarDigital Library
- A. Woo and D. Culler. Evaluation of Efficient Link Reliability Estimators for Low-Power Wireless Networks. Technical Report number to be assigned, University of California, Berkeley, April 2003.Google Scholar
- Y. Xu, J. Heidemann, and D. Estrin. Geography-informed Energy Conservation for Ad Hoc Routing. In Proceedings of the ACM/IEEE International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking, pages 70--84, Rome, Italy, July 2001. ACM. Google ScholarDigital Library
- W. Ye, J. Heidemann, and D. Estrin. An Energy-Efficient MAC Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks. In Proceedings of the IEEE Infocom, June 2002.Google Scholar
- J. Zhao, R. Govindan, and D. Estrin. Computing Aggregates for Monitoring Wireless Sensor Networks. In Proceedings of the IEEE ICC Workshop on Sensor Network Protocols and Applications, Anchorage, AK, May 2003.Google ScholarCross Ref
Index Terms
- Understanding packet delivery performance in dense wireless sensor networks
Recommendations
Understanding the causes of packet delivery success and failure in dense wireless sensor networks
SenSys '06: Proceedings of the 4th international conference on Embedded networked sensor systemsWe present empirical measurements of the packet delivery performance of the Telos and MicaZ sensor platforms. At a high level, their behavior is similar to that of earlier platforms. They exhibit a reception "grey region," and temporal variations in ...
Performance Improvement in Broadband Networks Using Forward Error Correction for Lost Packet Recovery
In this paper we analyze and provide simulation results for the use of forward error control (FEC) to improve the delay-throughput performance of packetized high-speed networks. The major source of errors in high-speed networks is expected to be buffer ...
Study of temporal behaviour of packet loss in packet switches with bursty traffic arrivals
The study of packet loss is of great importance to the design of fast packet switching systems. Fast packet switching is generally accepted as the best technique for designing high-speed computer networks. Due to the high throughput demands and the ...
Comments