1932
0
  1. Home
  2. A-Z Publications
  3. Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology
  4. Volume 49, 2009
  5. Article

Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology

Volume 49, 2009

Autonomic Neurotransmission: 60 Years Since Sir Henry Dale

Abstract

In the early twentieth century, Sir Henry Dale and others described brilliant studies of autonomic neurotransmission utilizing acetylcholine and noradrenaline. However, within the past 60 years, new discoveries have changed our understanding of the organization of the autonomic nervous system, including the structure and function of the nonsynaptic autonomic neuroeffector junction, the multiplicity of neurotransmitters, cotransmission, neuromodulation, dual control of vascular tone by perivascular nerves and endothelial cells, the molecular biology of receptors, and trophic signaling. Further, it is now recognized that an outstanding feature of autonomic neurotransmission is the inherent plasticity afforded by its structural and neurochemical organization and the interaction between expression of neural mediators and environmental factors. In this way, autonomic neurotransmission is matched to ongoing changes in demands and can sometimes be compensatory in pathophysiological situations.

Keyword(s): ATP, brain stem, cotransmission, neuropeptides, pathophysiology, receptors
Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.052808.102215
2009-02-10
2024-04-23
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

/deliver/fulltext/pharmtox/49/1/annurev.pharmtox.052808.102215.html?itemId=/content/journals/10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.052808.102215&mimeType=html&fmt=ahah

Literature Cited

  1. Tansey EM. 1.  1991. Chemical neurotransmission in the autonomic nervous system: Sir Henry Dale and acetylcholine. Clin. Auton. Res. 1:63–72 [Google Scholar]
  2. Burnstock G. 2.  1981. Review lecture. Neurotransmitters and trophic factors in the autonomic nervous system. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 313:1–35 [Google Scholar]
  3. Burnstock G. 3.  1986. The changing face of autonomic neurotransmission. (The first von Euler Lecture in physiology.). Acta Physiol. Scand. 126:67–91 [Google Scholar]
  4. Burnstock G. 4.  1976. Do some nerve cells release more than one transmitter?. Neuroscience 1:239–48 [Google Scholar]
  5. Burnstock G, Straub RW. 5.  1958. A method for studying the effects of ions and drugs on the resting and action potentials in smooth muscle with external electrodes. J. Physiol. 140:156–67 [Google Scholar]
  6. Burnstock G. 6.  1958. The effects of acetylcholine on membrane potential, spike frequency, conduction velocity and excitability in the taenia coli of the guinea-pig. J. Physiol. 143:165–82 [Google Scholar]
  7. Burnstock G. 7.  1958. The action of adrenaline on excitability and membrane potential in the taenia coli of the guinea-pig and the effect of DNP on this action and on the action of acetylcholine. J. Physiol. 143:183–94 [Google Scholar]
  8. Burnstock G, Holman ME. 8.  1961. The transmission of excitation from autonomic nerve to smooth muscle. J. Physiol. 155:115–33 [Google Scholar]
  9. Merrillees NCR, Burnstock G, Holman ME. 9.  1963. Correlation of fine structure and physiology of the innervation of smooth muscle in the guinea pig vas deferens. J. Cell Biol. 19:529–50 [Google Scholar]
  10. Burnstock G, Iwayama T. 10.  1971. Fine structural identification of autonomic nerves and their relation to smooth muscle. Progress in Brain Research. Vol. 34: Histochemistry of Nervous Transmission O Eränkö 389–404 Amsterdam: Elsevier [Google Scholar]
  11. Hillarp NÅ. 11.  1946. Structure of the synapse and the peripheral innervation apparatus of the autonomic nervous system. Acta Anat. 4:1–153 [Google Scholar]
  12. Burnstock G. 12.  2008. Non-synaptic transmission at autonomic neuroeffector junctions. Neurochem. Int. 52:14–25 [Google Scholar]
  13. Uehara Y, Burnstock G. 13.  1970. Demonstration of “gap junctions” between smooth muscle cells. J. Cell Biol. 44:215–17 [Google Scholar]
  14. Hansen MA, Dutton JL, Balcar VJ, Barden JA, Bennett MR. 14.  1999. P2X (purinergic) receptor distributions in rat blood vessels. J. Auton. Nerv. Syst. 75:147–55 [Google Scholar]
  15. van der Kleij HPM, Blennerhassett MG, Bienenstock J. 15.  2003. Nerve-mast cell interactions—partnership in health and disease. Autonomic Neuroimmunology J Bienenstock, EJ Goetzl, MG Blennerhassett 137–69 London: Taylor & Francis [Google Scholar]
  16. Dimitriadou V, Aubineau P, Taxi J, Seylaz J. 16.  1987. Ultrastructural evidence for a functional unit between nerve fibers and type II cerebral mast cells in the cerebral vascular wall. Neuroscience 22:621–30 [Google Scholar]
  17. Hoyle CHV, Burnstock G. 17.  1996. Purines. Principles of Medical Biology E Bittar, N Bittar 449–75 Greenwich, CT: JAI Press [Google Scholar]
  18. Fillenz M. 18.  1995. Transmission: noradrenaline. Autonomic Neuroeffector Mechanisms G Burnstock, CHV Hoyle 4323–65 Chur, Switz.: Harwood Acad. [Google Scholar]
  19. Burnstock G. 19.  1972. Purinergic nerves. Pharmacol. Rev. 24:509–81 [Google Scholar]
  20. Burnstock G, Knight GE. 20.  2004. Cellular distribution and functions of P2 receptor subtypes in different systems. Int. Rev. Cytol. 240:31–304 [Google Scholar]
  21. Burnstock G. 21.  2007. Physiology and pathophysiology of purinergic neurotransmission. Physiol. Rev. 87:659–797 [Google Scholar]
  22. Burnstock G. 22.  2008. Structural and chemical organisation of the autonomic nervous system with special reference to nonadrenergic, noncholinergic transmission. Autonomic Failure: A Textbook of Clinical Disorders of the Autonomic Nervous System, 5th. CJ Mathias, R Bannister Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press In press [Google Scholar]
  23. Burnstock G.23.  2001. Purine-mediated signalling in pain and visceral perception. Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 22:182–88 [Google Scholar]
  24. Dockray GR. 24.  2004. Peptidergic neurotransmission. Primer on the Autonomic Nervous System D Robertson, P Low, G Burnstock, I Biaggioni 83–85 Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2nd. [Google Scholar]
  25. Lincoln J, Hoyle CHV, Burnstock G. 25.  1997. Nitric Oxide in Health and Disease Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press355
  26. Burnstock G. 26.  2002. Structural and chemical organisation of the autonomic neuroeffector system. Handbook of the Autonomic Nervous System in Health and Disease CL Bolis, J Licinio, S Govoni 551–54 New York: Marcel Dekker [Google Scholar]
  27. Loesch A, Burnstock G. 27.  2002. Endothelin in human cerebrovascular nerves. Clin. Sci. 103:404S–7 [Google Scholar]
  28. Furness JB, Costa M. 28.  1987. Identification of transmitters of functionally defined enteric neurons. Handbook of Physiology—The Gastrointestinal System I387–402 Bethesda, MD: Am. Physiol. Soc. [Google Scholar]
  29. Cook RD, Burnstock G. 29.  1976. The ultrastructure of Auerbach's plexus in the guinea-pig. I. Neuronal elements. J. Neurocytol. 5:171–94 [Google Scholar]
  30. Su C, Bevan JA, Burnstock G. 30.  1971. [3H]adenosine triphosphate: release during stimulation of enteric nerves. Science 173:337–39 [Google Scholar]
  31. Nakanishi H, Takeda H. 31.  1973. The possible role of adenosine triphosphate in chemical transmission between the hypogastric nerve terminal and seminal vesicle in the guinea-pig. Jpn. J. Pharmacol. 23:479–90 [Google Scholar]
  32. Langer SZ, Pinto JEB. 32.  1976. Possible involvement of a transmitter different from norepinephrine in residual responses to nerve stimulation of cat nicitating membrane after pretreatment with reserpine. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 196:697–713 [Google Scholar]
  33. Westfall DP, Stitzel RE, Rowe JN. 33.  1978. The postjunctional effects and neural release of purine compounds in the guinea-pig vas deferens. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 50:27–38 [Google Scholar]
  34. Sneddon P, Burnstock G. 34.  1984. ATP as a cotransmitter in rat tail artery. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 106:149–52 [Google Scholar]
  35. Burnstock G. 35.  1995. Noradrenaline and ATP: cotransmitters and neuromodulators. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 46:365–84 [Google Scholar]
  36. Evans RJ, Surprenant A. 36.  1992. Vasoconstriction of guinea-pig submucosal arterioles following sympathetic nerve stimulation is mediated by the release of ATP. Br. J. Pharmacol. 106:242–49 [Google Scholar]
  37. Burnstock G. 37.  1978. Do some sympathetic neurones synthesize and release both noradrenaline and acetylcholine?. Prog. Neurobiol. 11:205–22 [Google Scholar]
  38. Lundberg JM. 38.  1996. Pharmacology of cotransmission in the autonomic nervous system: integrative aspects on amines, neuropeptides, adenosine triphosphate, amino acids and nitric oxide. Pharmacol. Rev. 48:113–78 [Google Scholar]
  39. Burnstock G. 39.  1993. Introduction: Changing face of autonomic and sensory nerves in the circulation. Vascular Innervation and Receptor Mechanisms: New Perspectives L Edvinsson, R Uddman 1–22 San Diego: Acad. [Google Scholar]
  40. Furness JB. 40.  2006. The Enteric Nervous System1–274 Oxford: Blackwell Publ.
  41. Burnstock G, Allen TGJ, Hassall CJS, Pittam BS. 41.  1987. Properties of intramural neurones cultured from the heart and bladder. Histochemistry and Cell Biology of Autonomic Neurons and Paraganglia C Heym Exp. Brain Res. Ser. 16323–28 Heidelberg: Springer Verlag [Google Scholar]
  42. Hassall CJS, Saffrey MJ, Belai A, Hoyle CHV, Moules EW. 42.  et al. 1992. Nitric oxide synthase immunoreactivity and NADPH-diaphorase activity in a subpopulation of intrinsic neurones of the guinea pig heart. Neurosci. Lett. 143:65–68 [Google Scholar]
  43. Burnstock G, Allen TGJ, Hassall CJS. 43.  1987. The electrophysiologic and neurochemical properties of paratracheal neurones in situ and in dissociated cell culture. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 136:S23–26 [Google Scholar]
  44. Kenakin TP, Bond RA, Bonner TI. 44.  1992. Definition of pharmacological receptors. Pharmacol. Rev. 44:351–62 [Google Scholar]
  45. Burnstock G. 45.  1996. P2 purinoceptors: historical perspective and classification. P2 Purinoceptors: Localization, Function and Transduction Mechanisms Ciba Found. Symp 198 DJ Chadwick, JA Goode 1–29 Chichester: Wiley and Sons [Google Scholar]
  46. Burnstock G. 46.  1978. A basis for distinguishing two types of purinergic receptor. Cell Membrane Receptors for Drugs and Hormones: A Multidisciplinary Approach RW Straub, L Bolis 107–18 New York: Raven Press [Google Scholar]
  47. Ralevic V, Burnstock G. 47.  1998. Receptors for purines and pyrimidines. Pharmacol. Rev. 50:413–92 [Google Scholar]
  48. Burnstock G. 48.  2007. Purine and pyrimidine receptors. Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 64:1471–83 [Google Scholar]
  49. Alexander SP, Mathie A, Peters JA. 49.  2008. Guide to receptors and channels (GRAC), 3rd edition. Br. J. Pharmacol. 153:Suppl. 2S1–209 [Google Scholar]
  50. Burnstock G, Ralevic V. 50.  1994. New insights into the local regulation of blood flow by perivascular nerves and endothelium. Br. J. Plast. Surg. 47:527–43 [Google Scholar]
  51. Furchgott RF, Zawadzki JV. 51.  1980. The obligatory role of endothelial cells in the relaxation of arterial smooth muscle by acetylcholine. Nature 288:373–76 [Google Scholar]
  52. Burnstock G. 52.  1989. Vascular control by purines with emphasis on the coronary system. Eur. Heart J. 10:Suppl. F15–21 [Google Scholar]
  53. Corr LA, Aberdeen JA, Milner P, Lincoln J, Burnstock G. 53.  1990. Sympathetic and nonsympathetic neuropeptide Y-containing nerves in the rat myocardium and coronary arteries. Circ. Res. 66:1602–9 [Google Scholar]
  54. Moncada S. 54.  2006. Adventures in vascular biology: a tale of two mediators. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 361:735–59 [Google Scholar]
  55. Yanagisawa M, Kurihara H, Kimura S, Tomobe Y, Kobayashi M. 55.  et al. 1988. A novel potent vasoconstrictor peptide produced by vascular endothelial cells. Nature 332:411–15 [Google Scholar]
  56. Burnstock G. 56.  2002. Purinergic signalling and vascular cell proliferation and death. Arter. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 22:364–73 [Google Scholar]
  57. Erlinge D, Burnstock G. 57.  2008. P2 receptors in cardiovascular physiology and disease. Purinergic Signal 4:1–20 [Google Scholar]
  58. Parnavelas JG, Kelly W, Burnstock G. 58.  1985. Ultrastructural localization of choline acetyltransferase in vascular endothelial cells in rat brain. Nature 316:724–25 [Google Scholar]
  59. Loesch A, Burnstock G. 59.  1996. Immunocytochemistry of vasoactive agents and nitric oxide synthase in vascular endothelial cells with emphasis on the cerebral blood vessels. Cell Vis. 3:346–57 [Google Scholar]
  60. Milner P, Ralevic V, Hopwood AM, Fehér E, Lincoln J. 60.  et al. 1989. Ultrastructural localisation of substance P and choline acetyltransferase in endothelial cells of rat coronary artery and release of substance P and acetylcholine during hypoxia. Experientia 45:121–25 [Google Scholar]
  61. Ralevic V, Milner P, Hudlická O, Kristek F, Burnstock G. 61.  1990. Substance P is released from the endothelium of normal and capsaicin-treated rat hindlimb vasculature, in vivo, by increased flow. Circ. Res. 66:1178–83 [Google Scholar]
  62. Rubanyi GM, Vanhoutte PM. 62.  1985. Hypoxia releases a vasoconstrictor substance from the canine vascular endothelium. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 364:45–56 [Google Scholar]
  63. Benarroch EE. 63.  2004. Central autonomic control. Primer on the Autonomic Nervous System D Robertson, P Low, G Burnstock, I Biaggioni 17–19 Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2nd. [Google Scholar]
  64. Burnstock G, Costa M. 64.  1975. Adrenergic Neurones: Their Organisation, Function and Development in the Peripheral Nervous System1–225 London: Chapman and Hall
  65. Mark GE, Chamley JH, Burnstock G. 65.  1973. Interactions between autonomic nerves and smooth and cardiac muscle cells in tissue culture. Dev. Biol. 32:194–200 [Google Scholar]
  66. Bevan RD. 66.  1975. Effect of sympathetic denervation on smooth muscle cell proliferation in the growing rabbit ear artery. Circ. Res. 37:14–19 [Google Scholar]
  67. Levi-Montalcini R, Meyer H, Hamburger V. 67.  1954. In vitro experiments on the effects of mouse sarcomas 180 and 37 on the spinal and sympathetic ganglia of the chick embryo. Cancer Res. 14:49–57 [Google Scholar]
  68. Hill CE, Hendry IA. 68.  1977. Development of neurons synthesizing noradrenaline and acetylcholine in the superior cervical ganglion of the rat in vivo and in vitro. Neuroscience 2:741–49 [Google Scholar]
  69. Burnstock G. 69.  1986. Dynamic interaction between growing autonomic nerves and smooth muscle cells as demonstrated by time-lapse cinematography of tissue cultures. Neural Regulation of Brain Circulation C Owman, JE Hardebo 561–68 Amsterdam: Elsevier [Google Scholar]
  70. Abbracchio MP, Burnstock G. 70.  1998. Purinergic signalling: pathophysiological roles. Jpn. J. Pharmacol. 78:113–45 [Google Scholar]
  71. Burnstock G. 71.  1991. Plasticity in expression of cotransmitters and autonomic nerves in aging and disease. Plasticity and Regeneration of the Nervous System PS Timiras, A Privat 291–301 New York: Plenum Press [Google Scholar]
  72. Cowen T, Gavazzi I. 72.  1998. Plasticity in adult and ageing sympathetic neurons. Prog. Neurobiol. 54:249–88 [Google Scholar]
  73. Cowen T, Haven AJ, Wen-Qin C, Gallen DD, Franc F, Burnstock G. 73.  1982. Development and ageing of perivascular adrenergic nerves in the rabbit. A quantitative fluorescence histochemical study using image analysis. J. Auton. Nerv. Syst. 5:317–36 [Google Scholar]
  74. Belai A, Burnstock G. 74.  1999. Distribution and colocalization of nitric oxide synthase and calretinin in the myenteric neurons of developing, aging and Crohn's disease human small intestine. Dig. Dis. Sci. 44:1579–87 [Google Scholar]
  75. Duckles SP. 75.  1987. Influence of age on vascular adrenergic responsiveness. Blood Vessels 24:113–16 [Google Scholar]
  76. Bell C. 76.  1968. Dual vasoconstrictor and vasodilator innervation of the uterine arterial supply in the guinea pig. Circ. Res. 23:269–79 [Google Scholar]
  77. Saitongdee P, Milner P, Loesch A, Knight G, Burnstock G. 77.  1999. Electron-immunocytochemical studies of perivascular nerves of mesenteric and renal arteries of golden hamsters during and after arousal from hibernation. J. Anat. 195:121–30 [Google Scholar]
  78. Karoon P, Knight G, Burnstock G. 78.  1998. Enhanced vasoconstrictor responses in renal and femoral arteries of the golden hamster during hibernation. J. Physiol. 512:927–38 [Google Scholar]
  79. Toole L, Belai A, Shochina M, Burnstock G. 79.  1999. The effects of hibernation on the myenteric plexus of the golden hamster small and large intestine. Cell Tissue Res. 296:479–87 [Google Scholar]
  80. Appenzeller O, Martignoni E. 80.  1996. The autonomic nervous system and hypoxia: mountain medicine. J Auton. Nerv. Syst. 57:1–12 [Google Scholar]
  81. Burnstock G. 81.  1969. Evolution of the autonomic innervation of visceral and cardiovascular systems in vertebrates. Pharmacol. Rev. 21:247–324 [Google Scholar]
  82. Burnstock G. 82.  1990. Changes in expression of autonomic nerves in aging and disease. J. Auton. Nerv. Syst. 30:S25–34 [Google Scholar]
  83. 83.  Mathias CJ, Bannister R. 2008. Autonomic Failure: A Textbook of Clinical Disorders of the Autonomic Nervous System, 5th. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press In Press
  84. Burnstock G, Evans B, Gannon BJ, Heath JW, James V. 84.  1971. A new method of destroying adrenergic nerves in adult animals using guanethidine. Br. J. Pharmacol. 43:295–301 [Google Scholar]
  85. Crowe R, Burnstock G, Light JK. 85.  1989. Adrenergic innervation of the striated muscle of the intrinsic external urethral sphincter from patients with lower motor spinal cord lesion. J. Urol. 141:47–49 [Google Scholar]
  86. De Groat WC. 86.  1995. Mechanisms underlying the recovery of lower urinary tract function following spinal cord injury. Paraplegia 33:493–505 [Google Scholar]
  87. Burnstock G. 87.  2001. Purinergic signalling in lower urinary tract. Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology 151/I Purinergic and Pyrimidinergic Signalling I—Molecular, Nervous and Urinogenitary System Function MP Abbracchio, M Williams 151/I423–515 Berlin: Springer-Verlag [Google Scholar]
  88. Cockayne DA, Hamilton SG, Zhu Q-M, Dunn PM, Zhong Y. 88.  et al. 2000. Urinary bladder hyporeflexia and reduced pain-related behaviour in P2′3-deficient mice. Nature 407:1011–15 [Google Scholar]
  89. Burnstock G. 89.  2001. Purinergic signalling in gut. Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology, Vol. 151/II. Purinergic and Pyrimidinergic Signalling II—Cardiovascular, Respiratory, Immune, Metabolic and Gastrointestinal Tract Function MP Abbracchio, M Williams 151/II141–238 Berlin: Springer-Verlag [Google Scholar]
  90. Wood JD. 90.  2007. Neuropathophysiology of functional gastrointestinal disorders. World J. Gastroenterol. 13:1313–32 [Google Scholar]
  91. Gannon BJ, Burnstock G, Noblett HR, Campbell PE. 91.  1969. Histochemical diagnosis of Hirschsprung's disease. Lancet 293:894–95 [Google Scholar]
  92. Burnstock G, Stewart-Lee AL, Brizzolara AL, Tomlinson A, Corr L. 92.  1991. Dual control by nerves and endothelial cells of arterial blood flow in atherosclerosis. Atherosclerotic Plaques RW Wissler, MG Bond, M Mercuri, P Tanganelli 285–92 New York: Plenum Press [Google Scholar]
  93. Dowd P, Goldsmith P, Bull H, Burnstock G, Foreman J, Marshall I. 93.  1995. Grand round: Raynaud's phenomenon. Lancet 346:283–90 [Google Scholar]
  94. McDougall AJ, McLeod JG. 94.  1996. Autonomic neuropathy, II: specific peripheral neuropathies. J. Neurol. Sci. 138:1–13 [Google Scholar]
  95. Crowe R, Lincoln J, Blacklay PF, Pryor JP, Lumley JSP, Burnstock G. 95.  1983. Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-like immunoreactive nerves in diabetic penis. A comparison between streptozotocin-treated rats and man. Diabetes 32:1075–77 [Google Scholar]
  96. Belai A, Lincoln J, Burnstock G. 96.  1987. Lack of release of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and calcitonin gene-related peptide during electrical stimulation of enteric nerves in streptozotocin-diabetic rats. Gastroenterology 93:1034–40 [Google Scholar]
  97. Jessen KR, Burnstock G. 97.  1982. The enteric nervous system in tissue culture: a new mammalian model for the study of complex nervous networks. Trends in Autonomic Pharmacology. II S Kalsner 95–115 Baltimore/Munich: Urban & Schwartzenberg [Google Scholar]
  98. Volonté C, Amadio S, D'Ambrosi N, Colpi M, Burnstock G. 98.  2006. P2 receptor web: complexity and fine-tuning. Pharmacol. Ther. 112:264–80 [Google Scholar]
  99. Folkow B, Sivertsson R. 99.  1968. Adaptive changes in reactivity and wall/lumen ratio in cat blood vessels exposed to prolonged transmural difference. Life Sci. I7:1283–89 [Google Scholar]
  100. Burnstock G. 100.  1979. Morphological changes produced by drugs acting on the autonomic nervous system. Pharmacol. Ther. [B] 5:49–53 [Google Scholar]
  101. Burnstock G. 101.  1988. Autonomic neural control mechanisms with special reference to the airways. The Airways. Neural Control in Health and Disease MA Kaliner, PJ Barnes 1–22 New York: Marcel Dekker [Google Scholar]
  102. Burnstock G. 102.  2004. The autonomic neuroeffector junction. Primer on the Autonomic Nervous System D Robertson, P Low, G Burnstock, I Biaggioni 29–33 Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2nd. [Google Scholar]
  103. Burnstock G. 103.  1973. The autonomic neuroeffector system. Proc. Aust. Physiol. Pharmacol. Soc. 4:6–22 [Google Scholar]
  104. Campbell GR, Uehara Y, Mark G, Burnstock G. 104.  1971. Fine structure of smooth muscle cells grown in tissue culture. J. Cell Biol. 49:21–34 [Google Scholar]
  105. Gibson A, Mirzazadeh S, Hobbs AJ, Moore PK. 105.  1990. l-NG-monomethyl arginine and l-NG-nitro arginine inhibit nonadrenergic, noncholinergic relaxation of the mouse anococcygeus muscle. Br. J. Pharmacol. 99:602–6 [Google Scholar]
  106. Burnstock G. 106.  2008. Cotransmission. New Encyclopedia of Neuroscience LR Squire Oxford: Elsevier In press [Google Scholar]
  107. Burnstock G. 107.  1983. Recent concepts of chemical communication between excitable cells. Dale's Principle and Communication between Neurones NN Osborne 7–35 Oxford: Pergamon Press [Google Scholar]
  108. Burnstock G. 108.  1977. Autonomic neuroeffector junctions—reflex vasodilatation of the skin. J. Investig. Dermatol. 69:47–57 [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.052808.102215
Loading
Autonomic Neurotransmission: 60 Years Since Sir Henry Dale
Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology 49, 1 (2009); https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.052808.102215
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.052808.102215
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.052808.102215
Loading

Data & Media loading...

  • Article Type: Review Article

Most Cited Most Cited RSS feed

This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error