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Mica-Derived Vermiculites as Unstable Intermediates

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Clays and Clay Minerals

Abstract

Stability determinations were made by solubility methods on two trioctahedral mica-derived vermiculites. The phlogopite-derived vermiculite was found to be unstable under acid solution conditions, where stabilities of montmorillonite, kaolinite and gibbsite had previously been determined. An attempt was next made to locate a possible montmorillonite-vermiculite-amorphous silica triple point. This triple point involved conditions of alkaline pH, high pH4SiO4 and high Mg2+. These are conditions where phlogopite and biotite-derived vermiculites are most likely to control equilibria if they are stable minerals. The montmorillonite-vermiculite-amorphous silica samples went to the montmorillonite-magnesite-amorphous silica triple point, leaving no stability area whatsoever for the vermiculites. These large particle-size, trioctahedral, mica-derived vermiculites appear to be unstable under all conditions of room T and P.

Arguments are presented indicating that micas are unstable in almost all weathering environments. A hypothesis is proposed that mica-derived vermiculites result from the unique way in which unstable micas degrade in these environments. It is proposed that vermiculite derives from a series of reactions whose relative rates often result in an abundance of vermiculite. These relative reaction rates are slow for mica dissolution, rapid for K removal and other reactions pursuant to vermiculite formation, and slow for vermiculite dissolution. In chemical terms, mica-derived vermiculites may be considered fast-forming unstable intermediates.

Résumé

Des déterminations de stabilité ont été effectuées par des méthodes de solubilité sur deux vermiculites dérivées de micas trioctaédriques. La vermiculite dérivée de la phlogopite est instable dans des conditions de solution acide pour lesquelles les stabilités de la montmorillonite, de la kaolinite et de la gibbsite ont été déjà déterminées. On a essayé ensuite de localiser l’éventuel point triple montmorillonite-vermiculite-silice amorphe. Ce point triple implique des conditions de pH alcalin, pH4 SiO4 élevé et Mg2+ élevé. Ce sont des conditions dans lesquelles les vermiculites dérivées de phlogopite et biotite doivent très probablement contrôler l’équilibre si ce sont des minéraux stables. Les échantillons montmorillonite-vermiculite-silice amorphe ont évolué vers le point triple montmorillonite magnésite-silice amorphe, ce qui ne laisse subsister aucune aire de stabilité pour les vermiculites. Les vermiculites à cristaux de grande taille, dérivées de micas trioctaédriques, apparaissent instables dans toutes les conditions de T et P ambiantes.

On présente des arguments qui indiquent que les micas sont instables dans la plupart des environnement d’altération. On fait l’hypothèse que les vermiculites dérivées de micas découlent de l’unique voie selon laquelle les micas instables se dégradent dans ces conditions. On considère que la vermiculite provient d’une série de réactions dont les vitesses relatives entraînent souvent l’abondance de vermiculite. Ces vitesses relatives de réaction sont lentes pour la dissolution du mica, rapides pour l’extraction de K et pour les autres réactions concourant á la formation de la vermiculite, et lentes pour la dissolution de la vermiculite. En termes de chimie, les vermiculites dérivées de mica peuvent être considérées comme des intermédiaires instables à formation rapide.

Kurzreferat

An zwei aus trioktaedrischen Glimmern entstandenen Vermiculiten wurden Stabilitätsbestimmungen mit Löslichkeitsmethoden durchgeführt. Der phlogopitbürtige Vermiculit erwies sich als instabil unter sauren Lösungsbedingungen, bei denen früher die Stabilität von Montmorillonit, Kaolinit und Gibbsit bestimmt wurde. Als nächstes wurde versucht, einen gemeinsamen Schnittpunkt für die drei Phasen Montmorillonit-Vermiculit-amorphe Kieselsäure ausfindig zu machen. Dieser Schnittpunkt war durch alkalisches pH, hohes pH4SiO4 und hohe Mg2+ -Gehalte gekennzeichnet. Dieses sind Bedingungen, unter denem am ehesten mit einer Beeinflussung der Gleichgewichte durch phlogopit- und biotitbürtige Vermiculite zu rechnen ist, soweit diese stabile Minerale darstellen. Die aus Montmorillonit- Vermiculit-amorpher Kieselsäure bestehenden Proben gelangten zum Montmorillonit-Magnesit- amorphe Kieselsäure-Schnittpunkt, ohne irgendein Stabilitätsfeld für die Vermiculite offenzulassen. Diese grobkörnigen, trioktaedrischen, glimmerbürtigen Vermiculite scheinen unter allen Bedingungen von Raumtemperatur und -druck instabil zu sein.

Es werden Argumente dafür beigebracht, daß Glimmer nahezu in jedem Verwitterungsmilieu instabil sind. Eine Hypothese wird vorgestellt, der zufolge glimmerbürtige Vermiculite das Ergebnis einer spezifischen Umwandlung sind, der instabile Glimmer unter solchen Bedingungen beim Abbau unterliegen. Es wird angenommen, daß Vermiculite aus einer Folge von Reaktionen entstehen, deren relative Raten oft zu einem Vermiculitüberschuß führen. Diese relativen Reaktionsraten sind langsam für die Glimmer- auflösung, schnell für die K-Freisetzung und andere mit der Vermiculitbildung verbundene Reaktionen, sowie langsam für die Vermiculitauflösung. In der chemischen Terminologie können die glimmerbürtigen Vermiculite als sich schnell bildende, instabile Zwischenstufen betrachtet werden.

Резюме

Методами растворения определялась устойчивость двух переотложенных из слюды вермикулитов. В условиях кислотных растворов ранее применявшихся для определения устойчивости монтмориллонита, каолинита и гидраргиллита, переотложенный из флогопита вермикулит оказался неустойчивым. Затем сделали попытку определить местонахождение тройной точки аморфного кремнезема-монтмориллонита-гермикулита. Эта тройная точка включала условия щелочного рН, высокого рН4SiO4 и высокого Mg2+. В этих условиях устойчивые вермикулиты, переотложенные из флогопита и биотита, наверно, более всего регулируют равновесное состояние. Образцы аморфного кремнезема-вермикулита-монтмориллонита перешли на тройную точку аморфного кремнезема-магнезита-монтмориляонита совсем не оставив устойчивой области для вермикулита. Эти крупнозернистые триоктаэдральные верми-кулиты, отложенные из слюды, очевидно, неустойчивы при всех условии комнатной температуры и давления.

Приводят доводы указывающие, что слюды являются неустойчивыми почти что во всех условиях выветривания. Выдвигается гипотеза, что отложенные из слюды вермикулиты результируются вследствие необыкновенного способа распадения слюд во всех фациях. Предполагают, что отложение вермикулита происходит вследствие целого ряда интенсивных взаимных реакций, в результате которых часто образуется много вермикулита. Эти относительные степени реакции медленно растворяют слюду, быстро удаляют К и другие реакции следующие за формованием вермикулита, и медленно растворяют вермикулит. В химической терминологии образующиеся из слюды вермикулиты можно считать быстрообразующимися неустойчивыми переходными типами пород.

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This investigation was supported in part by grant 16060 DGK from the Federal Water Pollution Control Administration and from the U.S. Department of the Interior in support of the State of Washington Water Research Center project A-042. Published as Scientific Paper No. 3965, College of Agriculture, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99163, U.S,A. Project No. 1885.

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Kittrick, J.A. Mica-Derived Vermiculites as Unstable Intermediates. Clays Clay Miner. 21, 479–488 (1973). https://doi.org/10.1346/CCMN.1973.0210608

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