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Mineralogical and Isotopic Record of Diagenesis from the Opalinus Clay Formation at Benken, Switzerland: Implications for the Modeling of Pore-Water Chemistry in a Clay Formation

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 January 2024

Catherine Lerouge ,
Sylvain Grangeon ,
Francis Claret ,
Eric Gaucher ,
Philippe Blanc ,
Catherine Guerrot ,
Christine Flehoc ,
Guillaume Wille  and
Martin Mazurek
Catherine Lerouge*
Affiliation:
BRGM, 3, avenue Claude Guillemin, F-45060, Orléans Cedex 2, France
Sylvain Grangeon
Affiliation:
BRGM, 3, avenue Claude Guillemin, F-45060, Orléans Cedex 2, France
Francis Claret
Affiliation:
BRGM, 3, avenue Claude Guillemin, F-45060, Orléans Cedex 2, France
Eric Gaucher
Affiliation:
BRGM, 3, avenue Claude Guillemin, F-45060, Orléans Cedex 2, France
Philippe Blanc
Affiliation:
BRGM, 3, avenue Claude Guillemin, F-45060, Orléans Cedex 2, France
Catherine Guerrot
Affiliation:
BRGM, 3, avenue Claude Guillemin, F-45060, Orléans Cedex 2, France
Christine Flehoc
Affiliation:
BRGM, 3, avenue Claude Guillemin, F-45060, Orléans Cedex 2, France
Guillaume Wille
Affiliation:
BRGM, 3, avenue Claude Guillemin, F-45060, Orléans Cedex 2, France
Martin Mazurek
Affiliation:
University of Bern, Institute of Geological Sciences, Baltzerstrasse 1+3, CH-3012, Bern, Switzerland
*
*E-mail address of corresponding author: c.lerouge@brgm.fr
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Abstract

Argillaceous rocks are considered to be a suitable geological barrier for the long-term containment of wastes. Their efficiency at retarding contaminant migration is assessed using reactive-transport experiments and modeling, the latter requiring a sound understanding of pore-water chemistry. The building of a pore-water model, which is mandatory for laboratory experiments mimicking in situ conditions, requires a detailed knowledge of the rock mineralogy and of minerals at equilibrium with present-day pore waters. Using a combination of petrological, mineralogical, and isotopic studies, the present study focused on the reduced Opalinus Clay formation (Fm) of the Benken borehole (30 km north of Zurich) which is intended for nuclear-waste disposal in Switzerland. A diagenetic sequence is proposed, which serves as a basis for determining the minerals stable in the formation and their textural relationships. Early cementation of dominant calcite, rare dolomite, and pyrite formed by bacterial sulfate reduction, was followed by formation of iron-rich calcite, ankerite, siderite, glauconite, (Ba, Sr) sulfates, and traces of sphalerite and galena. The distribution and abundance of siderite depends heavily on the depositional environment (and consequently on the water column). Benken sediment deposition during Aalenian times corresponds to an offshore environment with the early formation of siderite concretions at the water/sediment interface at the fluctuating boundary between the suboxic iron reduction and the sulfate reduction zones. Diagenetic minerals (carbonates except dolomite, sulfates, silicates) remained stable from their formation to the present. Based on these mineralogical and geochemical data, the mineral assemblage previously used for the geochemical model of the pore waters at Mont Terri may be applied to Benken without significant changes. These further investigations demonstrate the need for detailed mineralogical and geochemical study to refine the model of pore-water chemistry in a clay formation.

Keywords

Clay FormationDiagenesisMineralogyPore-water ChemistryStable Isotopes
Type
Article
Information
Clays and Clay Minerals , Volume 62 , Issue 4 , August 2014 , pp. 286 - 312
Copyright
Copyright © Clay Minerals Society 2014

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