Abstract
Electrochromic (EC) oxide films with nanocrystalline and nanoporous structure constitute the basis of a number of devices for modulating the throughput of radiant energy. One example is in architectural windows capable of providing energy efficiency and indoor comfort simultaneously. This paper introduces EC technology with particular attention to applications to the built environment. The nanostructural features of the EC films are emphasized, and it is pointed out that reactive magnetron sputtering can be used for large area manufacturing. Electrochromics is discussed from the viewpoints of materials, device technology, and applications.
Conference
International Symposium on Novel Materials and Their Synthesis (NMS-III) and the 17th International Symposium on Fine Chemistry and Functional Polymers (FCFP-XVII), Novel Materials and their Synthesis, NMS, Novel Materials and their Synthesis, 3rd, Shanghai, China, 2007-10-17–2007-10-21
References
1. doi:10.1002/adma.200300378, C. G. Granqvist. Adv. Mater. 15, 1789 (2003).Search in Google Scholar
2. C. G. Granqvist. In Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, 5th ed., Vol. 23, pp. 1-32, Wiley, Hoboken (2006).Search in Google Scholar
3. doi:10.1016/j.solmat.2007.04.031, C. G. Granqvist. Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 91, 1529 (2007).Search in Google Scholar
4. C. M. Lampert, C. G. Granqvist (Eds.). Large-Area Chromogenics: Materials and Devices for Transmittane Control, The International Society for Optical Engineering, Bellingham, USA (1990).Search in Google Scholar
5. C. G. Granqvist. Handbook of Inorganic Electrochromic Materials, Elsevier, Amsterdam (1995).10.1016/B978-044489930-9/50024-6Search in Google Scholar
6. doi:10.1016/S0927-0248(99)00088-4, C. G. Granqvist. Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 60, 201 (2000).Search in Google Scholar
7. doi:10.1016/S0040-6090(03)00983-0, C. G. Granqvist, E. Avendano, A. Azens. Thin Solid Films 442, 201 (2003).Search in Google Scholar
8. doi:10.1039/b612174h, G. A. Niklasson, C. G. Granqvist. J. Mater. Chem. 17, 127 (2007).Search in Google Scholar
9. doi:10.1016/j.enbuild.2004.07.003, M. Bojic, F. Yik. Energy Buildings 37, 345 (2005).Search in Google Scholar
10. doi:10.1038/nmat1604, K. W. J. Barnham, M. Mazzer, B. Clive. Nat. Mater. 5, 161 (2005).Search in Google Scholar
11. A. Jager-Waldau (Ed.). REF-SYST Status Report 2004, EUR 21297 EN, Joint Research Center, Ispra, Italy (2004).Search in Google Scholar
12. M. A. Darwich. Kuwait J. Sci. Eng. 32, 209 (2005).Search in Google Scholar
13. doi:10.1016/j.solmat.2006.10.027, C. G. Granqvist. Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 92, 203 (2008).Search in Google Scholar
14. M. Santamouris. In Solar Energy: The State of the Art, J. Gordon (Ed.), pp. 1-28, James & James Science, London (2001).Search in Google Scholar
15. C. F. Reinhart. In The Future for Renewable Energy 2: Prospects and Directions, pp. 79-114, James & James Science, London (2002).Search in Google Scholar
16. E. S. Lee, S. E. Selkowitz, R. D. Clear, D. L. DiBartolomeo, J. H. Klems, L. L. Fernandes, G. J. Ward, V. Inkarojrit, M. Yazdanian. California Energy Commission, PIER, CEC-500-2006-052 (2006).Search in Google Scholar
17. doi:10.1016/j.enbuild.2006.03.011, R. D. Clear, V. Inkarojrit, E. S. Lee. Energy Buildings 38, 758 (2006).Search in Google Scholar
18. A. Azens, C. G. Granqvist. J. Solid State Electrochem. 7, 64 (2003).Search in Google Scholar
19. C. G. Granqvist. In Technical Conference Proceedings of the Society of Vacuum Coaters' 50th Conference, pp. 561-567, Louisville (2007).Search in Google Scholar
20. A. Roos, D. Covalet, X. Fanton, M.-L. Persson, W. Platzer, T. R. Nielsen, H. R. Wilson, M. Zinzi, M. Kohl, M. Heck, B. Chevalier. In Proceedings of the International Conference on the Durability of Building Materials and Components, pp. 17-20, Lyon, France (2005).Search in Google Scholar
21. A. Roos, M.-L. Persson, W. Platzer, M. Kohl. In Proceedings Glass Processing Days, pp. 566-569, Tampere, Finland (2005).Search in Google Scholar
22. doi:10.1016/S0040-6090(02)00163-3, C. G. Granqvist, A. Hultaker. Thin Solid Films 411, 1 (2002).Search in Google Scholar
23. C. G. Granqvist. In Materials Science for Solar Energy Conversion Systems, C. G. Granqvist (Ed.), pp. 106-167, Pergamon, Oxford (1991).10.1016/B978-0-08-040937-5.50009-7Search in Google Scholar
24. K. G. T. Hollands, J. L. Wright, C. G. Granqvist. In Solar Energy: The State of the Art, J. Gordon (Ed.), pp. 29-107, James & James Science, London (2001).Search in Google Scholar
25. U. Schwartz-Schampera, P. M. Herzig. Indium: Geology, Mineralogy, and Economics, Springer, Berlin (2002).Search in Google Scholar
26. D. Preische. In Program & Abstract of 5th International Symposium on Transparent Oxide Thin Films for Electronics and Optics, p. 8, Kanagawa, Japan (2007).Search in Google Scholar
27. doi:10.1016/j.solmat.2005.04.030, J. Backholm, A. Azens, G. A. Niklasson. Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 90, 414 (2006).Search in Google Scholar
28. doi:10.1016/j.solmat.2003.11.032, E. Avendano, A. Azens, G. A. Niklasson, C. G. Granqvist. Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 84, 337 (2004).Search in Google Scholar
29. doi:10.1016/0927-0248(95)00055-0, S. K. Deb. Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 39, 191 (1995).Search in Google Scholar
30. doi:10.1016/0165-1633(84)90025-X, J. S. E. M. Svensson, C. G. Granqvist. Sol. Energy Mater. 11, 29 (1984).Search in Google Scholar
31. doi:10.1038/nmat1577, C. G. Granqvist. Nat. Mater. 5, 89 (2006).Search in Google Scholar
32. doi:10.1016/S0927-0248(02)00213-1, A. Azens, L. Kullman, C. G. Granqvist. Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 76, 147 (2003).Search in Google Scholar
33. doi:10.1146/annurev.ms.07.080177.001323, J. A. Thornton. Ann. Rev. Mater. Sci. 7, 239 (1977).Search in Google Scholar
34. doi:10.1063/1.337534, I. Hamberg, C. G. Granqvist. J. Appl. Phys. 60, R123 (1986).Search in Google Scholar
35. doi:10.1016/j.ssi.2003.08.009, A. Azens, G. Gustavsson, R. Karmhag, C. G. Granqvist. Solid State Ionics 165, 1 (2003).Search in Google Scholar
36. A. Azens. Private communication.Search in Google Scholar
37. doi:10.1016/S0040-6090(99)00257-6, P. Nostell, A. Roos, B. Karlsson. Thin Solid Films 351, 170 (1999).Search in Google Scholar
38. doi:10.1016/j.tsf.2007.10.074, C. G. Granqvist, S. Green, E. K. Jonson, R. Marsal, G. A. Niklasson, A. Roos, Z. Topalian, A. Azens, P. Georen, G. Gustavsson, R. Karmhag, J. Smulko, L. B. Kish. Thin Solid Films 516, 5921 (2008).Search in Google Scholar
39. D. Kulander. Private communication.Search in Google Scholar
40. doi:10.1016/j.ergon.2005.06.005, M. Buyan, P. A. Bruhwiler, A. Azens, G. Gustavsson, R. Karmhag, C. G. Granqvist. Int. J. Ind. Ergonon. 36, 11 (2005).Search in Google Scholar
41. doi:10.1080/14786437308227562, S. K. Deb. Philos. Mag. 27, 801 (1973).Search in Google Scholar
42. N. L. Sbar, H. E. Sanders. In 48th Annual Technical Conference Proceedings, pp. 679-680, Society of Vacuum Coaters, Albuquerque, USA (2005).Search in Google Scholar
43. J. Schutt, J.-C. Giron, F. Beteille, X. Fanton. In Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Coatings on Glass, C.-P. Klages, H. J. Glaser, M. A. Aegerter (Eds.), pp. 661-663, Fraunhofer-Institut fur Schicht- und Oberflachentechnik, Braunschweig, Germany (2002).Search in Google Scholar
44. M. Wigginton. Glass in Architecture, Phaidon, London (1996).Search in Google Scholar
45. L. O. Beltran, E. S. Lee, S. E. Selkowitz. J. Illum. Eng. Soc. 26, 91 (1997).Search in Google Scholar
46. B. G. Martins-Mogo, L. O. Beltran. In Conference Proceedings: EuroSun 2006, S. Burek, M. G. Hutchins, H. Lockhart-Ball, S. Abrahamson (Eds.), The Solar Energy Society, Abingdon, UK (2006).Search in Google Scholar
47. doi:10.1016/S0360-1323(02)00118-X, R. P. Leslie. Building Environ. 38, 381 (2003).Search in Google Scholar
48. V. Gligor. "The Luminous Environment and Office Productivity", Thesis for the Degree of Licentiate of Science in Technology, Helsinki University of Technology, Espoo, Finland (2004).Search in Google Scholar
49. G. van den Beld. Light Eng. 12, 11 (2004).Search in Google Scholar
50. L. Heshong, R. L. Wright, S. Okura. J. Illum. Eng. Soc. 31, 21 (2002).Search in Google Scholar
51. L. Heshong, R. L. Wright, S. Okura. J. Illum. Eng. Soc. 31, 101 (2002).Search in Google Scholar
52. H. Kroemer. In Future Trends in Microelectronics, S. Luryi, J. M. Xu, A. Zaslavsky (Eds.), NATO ASI Series E 323, pp. 1-12, Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht (1996).Search in Google Scholar
53. doi:10.1103/RevModPhys.73.783, H. Kroemer. Rev. Mod. Phys. 73, 783 (2001).Search in Google Scholar
54. doi:10.1002/pssa.200460701, H. Kroemer. Phys. Status Solidi A 202, 957 (2005).Search in Google Scholar
55. K. Ishii (Ed.). Membrane Designs and Structures in the World, Shinkenchikusa-sha, Tokyo (1999).Search in Google Scholar
56. K.-M. Koch (Ed.). Membrane Structures, Prestel, Munich (2004).Search in Google Scholar
57. doi:10.1016/S0950-0618(01)00013-7, S. Robinson-Gayle, M. Kolokotroni, A. Cripps, S. Tanno. Construction Building Mater. 15, 323 (2001).Search in Google Scholar
© 2013 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston
