Figures
Abstract
Aim
To investigate the cellular and immunophenotypic basis of mammographic density in women at high risk of breast cancer.
Methods
Mammograms and targeted breast biopsies were accrued from 24 women at high risk of breast cancer. Mammographic density was classified into Wolfe categories and ranked by increasing density. The histological composition and immunophenotypic profile were quantified from digitized haematoxylin and eosin-stained and immunohistochemically-stained (ERα, ERβ, PgR, HER2, Ki-67, and CD31) slides and correlated to mammographic density.
Results
Increasing mammographic density was significantly correlated with increased fibrous stroma proportion (rs (22) = 0.5226, p = 0.0088) and significantly inversely associated with adipose tissue proportion (rs (22) = -0.5409, p = 0.0064). Contrary to previous reports, stromal expression of ERα was common (19/20 cases, 95%). There was significantly higher stromal PgR expression in mammographically-dense breasts (p=0.026).
Conclusions
The proportion of stroma and fat underlies mammographic density in women at high risk of breast cancer. Increased expression of PgR in the stroma of mammographically dense breasts and frequent and unexpected presence of stromal ERα expression raises the possibility that hormone receptor expression in breast stroma may have a role in mediating the effects of exogenous hormonal therapy on mammographic density.
Citation: Pang J-MB, Byrne DJ, Takano EA, Jene N, Petelin L, McKinley J, et al. (2015) Breast Tissue Composition and Immunophenotype and Its Relationship with Mammographic Density in Women at High Risk of Breast Cancer. PLoS ONE 10(6): e0128861. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0128861
Editor: Abhijit De, ACTREC, Tata Memorial Centre, INDIA
Received: March 4, 2015; Accepted: May 3, 2015; Published: June 25, 2015
Copyright: © 2015 Pang et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited
Data Availability: All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files.
Funding: This work was supported by funding to GM, SF, CS and DT from National Health and Medical Research Council, Australia, grant number 509302. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Introduction
Mammographic density is a strong and independent risk factor for breast cancer, reported to exceed all other risk factors apart from age and the presence of mutations in high penetrance breast cancer predisposition genes such as BRCA1 and BRCA2[1]. While heritable factors account for approximately 50–60% of the variance in mammographic density[2,3], other determinants including reproductive history and exogenous hormone use, body mass index (BMI), and importantly, tamoxifen treatment influence mammographic density. Tamoxifen has been shown to reduce mammographic density and breast cancer risk in high risk patients although it is not yet clear if tamoxifen’s effects on breast cancer risk and mammographic density share the same underlying mechanism[4].
Although in the general population, the appearance of mammographic density has been attributed to increased fibroglandular tissue[5–8], only a small number of high risk patients including BRCA1/2 mutation carriers[9] have been studied, and whether the same observations applies to this group of women more broadly is unknown. In addition, there have been few studies of high-risk women where breast tissue was collected specially for the purpose of investigating mammographic density in contrast to tissue collected for other indications.
Therefore, we have investigated the cellular basis of mammographic density in women at high risk of breast cancer defined by established criteria[10] by assessing histological composition. We further undertook immunophenotypic studies to support the genesis of a hypothesis to explain the underlying molecular basis of a change in mammographic density in patients administered hormonal therapy and selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs).
Materials and Methods
Patients and Specimens
Women at high risk of breast cancer (as defined by the National Breast and Ovarian Cancer Centre, Australia)[10] with at least one breast unaffected by cancer, normal clinical breast examination and undergoing breast cancer imaging, were recruited through the Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre’s Familial Cancer Centre (Victoria, Australia) and Royal Perth Hospital’s High Risk Breast Clinic (Western Australia, Australia). The study was approved by the Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre Ethics of Human Research Committee (Approval number 08/03) and the Royal Perth Hospital Human Research Ethics Committee (Approval number 2008/085). Exclusion criteria were pregnancy or lactation within 1 year prior to recruitment, current use of oral contraceptive pill (OCP), hormone replacement therapy (HRT), tamoxifen, chemotherapy, and clotting disorders or use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Participants provided written informed consent to join the study, to undergo mammogram and breast biopsy specifically for this study, and for examination of their mammograms and breast tissue.
Mammograms were taken within 12 months prior to breast biopsy. Breast tissue of the upper outer quadrant of the breast was obtained either as ultrasound-guided core biopsies (n = 9) or as tissue sections (n = 15) taken at prophylactic mastectomy between January 2009 and September 2011 at either Royal Perth Hospital or Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre. The tissue was formalin-fixed, processed and paraffin-embedded (FFPE).
Assessment of mammographic density
The mammographic density of the breast in the region of the biopsy site was assessed from cranial-caudal mammographic films by one experienced observer (GM). The mammograms were ranked from least to most dense (rank 1 being the least dense mammogram) and also categorized for pattern of density in that region using an adaptation of Wolfe’s classification of mammographic density into N1 (almost no density representing fat predominance), P1 (mainly fat with ductal prominence in portions of the breast), P2 (ductal prominence in more than half of the breast) and DY (general increased parenchymal density) groups[11]; the adaptation refers to using the Wolfe classification in the region of interest rather than a score for the entire breast.
Immunohistochemistry
Sections (3μm thick) were cut from FFPE blocks and immunohistochemically (IHC) stained for oestrogen receptor alpha (ERα), oestrogen receptor beta (ERβ), progesterone receptor (PgR), human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), CD31 and Ki-67. Immunohistochemistry staining methods are detailed in S1 Supplementary Methods [12].
Image analysis
Haematoxylin and eosin (H&E)-stained and IHC-stained slides were scanned using ScanScope XT (Aperio, Vista, CA, USA) at 20x magnification.
The H&E-stained slides were analyzed for tissue composition using the Positive Pixel Count (version 9) image analysis tool (Aperio, Vista, CA, USA). The thresholds for positive staining were chosen after algorithm optimization on H&E-stained sections of archival non-lesional breast tissue from non-study patients and are detailed in S1 Supplementary Methods. From the markup images generated, the number of strongly staining pixels (epithelium), moderate or weak staining pixels (stroma), or negative staining pixels (fat) was used to calculate the proportion of each tissue type from the total number of pixels in the section (Fig 1).
a) H&E-stained section; b) marked-up image of panel a showing strongly staining pixels in red, largely corresponding to epithelium, moderately and weakly staining pixels in orange and yellow respectively, largely corresponding to fibrous stroma, and non-stained pixels in blue, largely corresponding to fat.
Vascular area was assessed from CD31-stained slides using the Microvascular Analysis Tool, version 1 (Aperio, Vista, CA, USA). The ‘Lumen and Vascular Cells’ analysis option was selected at default settings to generate markup images. The total stained area of the markup images (comprising the vascular lumen in addition to the surrounding endothelial cells) was used to calculate the percentage of vascular area from the total analysis area. (S2 Fig)
Slides stained for ERα, ERβ, PgR, and Ki-67 were analysed using the Nuclear (version 9) image analysis tool (Aperio, CA, USA) with parameters chosen after algorithm optimization on sections from non-study cases (Fig 2). Epithelial HER2 staining was assessed manually according to the 2013 ASCO/CAP guidelines[13].
a) ERα IHC-stained section with epithelial (filled arrowhead) and stromal (arrow) ERα staining; b) marked-up image of epithelium in panel a showing positive-staining nuclei (filled arrowhead); c) marked-up image of stroma in panel a (epithelium and non-specific staining manually excluded) showing positive-staining nuclei (arrow).
Statistical analysis
Correlations of histological and immunophenotypic features with mammographic density rank and Wolfe pattern categories were evaluated using Spearman’s rank-order correlation and Mann-Whitney U tests, respectively. Due to the small numbers in each Wolfe category, the groups were combined into N1/P1 and P2/DY groups for analysis. Statistical analyses were performed using GraphPad Prism version 6. Two-tailed p-values were used for all analyses with a p-value of less than 0.05 considered statistically significant.
Results
Patient flow
A total of 36 patients were recruited into the study. Mammographic films were available for all patients and 32 patients underwent breast biopsy. Three patients were excluded due to current HRT or tamoxifen therapy, two patients were excluded as the side of previous breast cancer was not known and a further two were excluded as the side of biopsy was unknown. One case was excluded as the tissue biopsy was unsuitable for image analysis, leaving 24 cases where both mammogram and biopsy material were available for analysis.
Stromal IHC staining for CD31 and ERα was assessable in 20 cases, Ki-67 in 19 cases, PgR and ERβ in 18 cases. Assessment of epithelial staining of ERα, PgR, Ki-7, and HER2 was possible in 19 cases, and ERβ in 16 cases. The remainder of cases could not be assessed due to poor section quality precluding IHC staining and the absence of epithelium or stroma in the sections.
Patient characteristics are summarized in S1 Table. The median age of the women at time of biopsy was 43 years (range 26–74 years, mean 44 years). Four women (16.7%) and five women (20.8%) had known germline BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations, respectively. Seven women (29.2%) had a history of contralateral breast cancer. Eight women (33.3%) were known to be pre-menopausal and five (20.8%) known to be post-menopausal. Hormonal contraceptives, tamoxifen, and HRT were previously used by eight (33.3%), five (20.8%) and one (4.2%) participants, respectively. All participants ceased exogenous hormone or tamoxifen treatment at least one year prior to inclusion in the study. (S1 Table.)
Histopathology of biopsies
Nine women underwent breast core biopsies and fifteen women had breast tissue taken from prophylactic mastectomy specimens. The median section size was 11.3mm2 for core biopsies (range 2.6–23.4mm2), 113.8mm2 for tissue taken from mastectomy specimens (range 11.5–458.1mm2), and 44.6mm2 overall (range 2.6–458.1mm2) (S1 Table.). Four biopsies (16.7%) showed benign pathology; two cases showed fibrocystic change and two had ductal hyperplasia of usual type (S1 Table.). No atypical hyperplasia, columnar cell lesions, or malignancy was seen in the biopsies.
Tissue composition and mammographic density
There was a significant positive correlation between increasing mammographic density rank and the proportion of fibrous stroma (rs (22) = 0.5226, p = 0.0088), and a significant inverse relationship between increasing density rank and percentage fat (rs (22) = -0.5409, p = 0.0064) (Table 1, Fig 3). No significant correlation between mammographic density and proportion of epithelium or vascular area (p>0.05) was identified (Table 1) nor between tissue composition and mammographic density as determined by Wolfe categories (p>0.05).
Stromal and epithelial immunophenotype and mammographic density
Stromal ERα, ERβ, PgR, and Ki-67 staining was present in 95% (19/20), 27.8% (5/18), 77.8% (14/18) and 94.7% (18/19) of cases, respectively. The median stromal expression of ERα, ERβ, PgR, and Ki-67 was 18.7 positive cells/mm2 (range 0–79.4/mm2), 0/mm2 (range 0–538.1/mm2), 15.7/mm2 (range 0–54.6/mm2), and 2.1/mm2 (range 0-281/mm2), respectively. ERα, PgR and Ki-67 showed moderate to strong intensity staining, whereas ERβ stromal staining was weak. There was no stromal HER2 staining (Fig 3). Significantly higher stromal PgR expression was identified in the denser Wolfe categories (P2/DY) compared with less dense Wolfe categories (N1/P1) (p = 0.0257) but there was no significant correlation between stromal PgR expression and mammographic density rank (p >0.05) (Table 2, Fig 4). No significant correlation was found between the other stromal markers and mammographic density (Table 2, Fig 4), nor between the level of expression of the individual immunohistochemical markers (p>0.05, data not shown).
*indicates statistically significant difference, ns = not statistically significant.
ERα, ERβ, PgR, and Ki-67-positive epithelial cells were present in 100% (19/19), 75% (12/16), 100% (19/19), and 100% (19/19) of cases, respectively. The median epithelial expression of ERα, ERβ, PgR, and Ki-67 was 24.7% (range 8.3–52.3%), 7.3% (range 0–46.6%), 18.8% (range 3.2–35.4%) and 4.1% (range 0.5–23.0%), respectively. ERα, PgR, and Ki-67 showed predominantly moderate to strong staining, whereas ERβ staining was weak. Epithelial HER2 staining was focal (<10% of cells) and weak where present, which would score as IHC 0 according to the 2013 ASCO/CAP guidelines[13]. No significant correlation was present between mammographic density and epithelial immunophenotype (p>0.05) (Fig 4). Epithelial ERα expression showed a significant positive correlation with epithelial PgR expression (rs (17) = 0.5386, p = 0.0174), but no significant correlation was identified between the expression of the other immunohistochemical markers (p>0.05, data not shown).
Discussion
This study examined the tissue composition and immunophenotypic profile of ERα, ERβ, PgR, HER2 and Ki-67 in tissue samples taken from clinically and radiologically normal breasts of women at high risk of breast cancer and assessed the relationship of these parameters with mammographic density. This cohort included four women with germline BRCA1 and five women with BRCA2 mutations, however meaningful subgroup analysis of these women was not possible due to small numbers. A significant positive correlation between mammographic density and the proportion of fibrous stroma and conversely, a significant inverse correlation between mammographic density and proportion of fat was observed without any significant difference in epithelial or vascular area. It is possible that there is differential shrinkage between fat and non-fatty tissue during histological processing which might influence the ratio of cellular composition but all samples would presumably be similarly affected and therefore this should not unduly bias the results. Furthermore our findings are in keeping with a previous study which examined the association of tissue composition with mammographic density in high breast cancer risk patients undergoing risk-reducing mastectomy, including nine BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers [9]. Our tissue composition findings are also in accordance with those of studies involving non-high risk patients, where high mammographic density was also reported to be associated with increased stroma[6,8,14] and less fat[6,8,9].
The results of studies examining the contribution of epithelial tissue to the appearance of mammographic density are mixed. While some studies have reported no difference in the epithelial component between high and low mammographic dense breasts[7,9], other studies have reported an increased epithelial component in mammographically dense breasts[6,8,15].
The findings of our study and others suggest that the underlying cellular basis of mammographic density is similar in high risk women and the general population.
We also identified a significant association between stromal PgR expression and increased mammographic density, but not for other stromal or epithelial markers. There has been a single study quantifying steroid receptor expression in breast stroma in relation to mammographic density involving 66 patients undergoing mastectomy for breast cancer which reported no significant increase in PgR or ER in dense versus non-dense breasts using the Allred scoring system[16]. It is possible that differences in the scoring system utilized may account for the discrepancy between this study and ours or alternatively that there is a true difference between high risk women without cancer and patients with breast cancer. Mammographic density increases in the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle[17] and with estrogen-progestin combined HRT compared with estrogen alone[18–20], suggesting progesterone has a role in determining mammographic density and recently, it has been hypothesized that reduced progesterone levels may explain the lower risk of breast cancer in obese premenopausal women[21].
The strong and consistent presence of ERα but not ERβ staining in breast stroma of our study cases was confirmed in additional cases of both normal and cancer-containing breast tissue obtained from the pathology department at Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre (data not shown). The presence of stromal ERα was unexpected as previous reports indicate that ERα was absent in breast stroma of adult women[22–24], being limited to occasional cells in children[25,26], teenagers and pregnant women[27]. The detection of stromal ERα in our samples could be possibly be explained by the use of SP1 clone of anti-ERα antibody, since previous studies reporting the absence of ERα in breast stroma of adult women have used clones 6F11[22] and ID5[24]. The SP1 clone is reported to have increased affinity for ERα compared with the ID5 clone[28] and to be more sensitive for the detection of ERα compared with ID5 and 6F11[29,30].
Although we did not identify an association between ERα expression and mammographic density, the finding of stromal ERα expression, whether or not it is explained by the test methodology, raises the hypothesis that stromal ERα may have a role in mediating breast density changes that occurs with administration with hormonal therapy. Cuzick et al.[4] reported a reduction in mammographic density and breast cancer risk in moderate and high-risk patients treated with tamoxifen, with the risk reduction occurring in patients with at least 10% reduction in mammographic density[4]. Mammographic density reduction in breast cancer patients receiving adjuvant endocrine therapy has also been reported to be associated with recurrence-free survival[31,32] and lower risk breast cancer-related death[33,34].
Further studies examining the relationship between stromal hormone receptor expression and changes in mammographic density in response to exogenous hormones are required to test our hypothesis.
Although our study numbers are relatively small (n = 24), this is still one of the largest cohorts of BRCA1/2 carriers (n = 9) in which tissue composition associated with mammographic density has been studied, and the only study to assess mammographic density in living high risk women and to relate this to both histological composition and immunophenotypic profile of ERα, ERβ, PgR, Ki-67 and HER2 in non-tumoural breast tissue. Finally, biopsies were taken from pre-specified target areas that could be correlated with mammographic location.
Conclusions
Similar to the general population, the proportion of stroma and fat in breast tissue underlies the degree of mammographic density in our cohort of women at high risk of breast cancer. Increased expression of PgR in the stroma of mammographically dense breasts and frequent and unexpected presence of stromal ERα expression raises the hypothesis that hormone receptor expression in breast stroma may have a role in mediating the effects of exogenous hormonal therapy on mammographic density, and requires further investigation beyond the scope of this current study.
Supporting Information
S3 Table. Epithelial expression of IHC markers.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0128861.s003
(DOC)
S2 Fig. Quantification of vascular area in breast biopsies.
a) CD31 IHC-stained section; b) marked-up image of panel a with vascular luminal area (gray) and endothelial cells (red) highlighted
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0128861.s005
(TIF)
S3 Fig. Patterns of IHC staining.
a) ERβ, b) PgR, c) Ki-67, d) HER2.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0128861.s006
(TIF)
S1 Supplementary Methods. IHC staining methods and image analysis methods.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0128861.s007
(DOCX)
Acknowledgments
We thank Kylie Scott and Sarah MacRaild for scanning the slides into digital images. We thank the patients, the heads and staff of the Family Cancer Clinics for their generous contribution to this study.
Author Contributions
Conceived and designed the experiments: GM SBF CS DT CP. Performed the experiments: JBP NJ DJB EAT JM LP CP GM DT CS. Analyzed the data: GM JBP SBF. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: GM CS DT JM LP CP NJ DJB EAT SBF. Wrote the paper: JBP GM SF CS DT DJB EAT NJ LP JM CP.
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