Figures
Abstract
Background
Interleukin-25 (IL-25) is a potent activator of type-2 immune responses, and is responsible for airway inflammation in asthma. Previous reports have shown that IL-25 expressed hyper-reactivity in an experimental mouse-model of asthma. In addition, the production of IL-13/IL-5 promoted by nuocytes induced airway inflammation. Thus, it has been questioned whether blocking IL-25 against its receptor IL-17BR could inhibit the expression of IL-13 and IL-5 via nuocytes, and further protect against inflammation in ovalbumin (OVA) induced mouse-model of asthma.
Methods
In this study, in order to investigate the correlation among IL-25, IL-5, IL-13 and nuocyte activities, we used OVA-sensitization and -challenging to induce the mouse model of asthma. The murine asthmatic model was validated by histology. The expressions of IL-5, IL-13 and IL-25 were detected by ELISA, quantitative real-time PCR, and western blotting of the lung tissue. Nuocyte activation was identified by the levels of ICOS (clone C398.4A) and T1/ST2 (cloneDJ8) (acting as nuocytes surface markers) in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). This, in turn, was done by means of flow cytometry. The expressions of IL-25, IL-5 and IL-13 in our murine model were detected in the BALF.
Results
The mice sensitized and challenged with OVA showed a high expression of IL-25 in both the mRNA and protein levels in lungs. The expressions of ICOS and T1/ST2 in BALF were increased. A significant correlation between IL-25 mRNA, protein, and other Th2-cell producing cytokines (such as IL-5 and IL-13) moreover were identified. Furthermore, when the asthmatic mice were treated with anti-IL-25, both the inflammatory cells’ infiltration and the inflammatory cytokines’ secretion were significantly decreased. The present findings indicate that IL-25 might be involved in a series of asthmatic immune responses, playing an important role in the increase of nuocytes, and that its activation is necessary in maintaining Th2 central memory and sustaining asthmatic inflammation.
Citation: Wang C, Liu Q, Chen F, Xu W, Zhang C, Xiao W (2016) IL-25 Promotes Th2 Immunity Responses in Asthmatic Mice via Nuocytes Activation. PLoS ONE 11(9): e0162393. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0162393
Editor: Baohong Zhang, East Carolina University, UNITED STATES
Received: February 17, 2016; Accepted: June 29, 2016; Published: September 12, 2016
Copyright: © 2016 Wang et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Data Availability: All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files.
Funding: This work was supported by the Department of Science and Technology Foundation (2012 GSF 11830), and the Natural and Science Foundation of Shandong Province, China (ZR2013HM046).
Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Introduction
Allergic asthma is airway inflammation accompanied by an increased secretion of cytokines. The infiltration of eosinophils, excessive mucus production, and airway hyper-reactivity induces airway narrowing and significant morbidity [1]. Many cytokines and chemokines, especially those ones derived from T helper type-2 (Th2) cells, play an important role in the pathophysiology of asthma [2].
Th2 immune-response aims to destroy pathogens that occur outside cells (bacteria and parasites) through one of the main types of helper T cells–Th2 cells. Th2 cells produce several Th2-type cytokines including interleukins 4 (IL-4), 5 (IL-5), 13 (IL-13), and 9 (IL-9), which all drive asthmatic pathology [3]. Among these interleukins, IL-13 is secreted by Th2 cells in particular, and it is a mediator of allergic inflammation and disease. IL-5 is a key mediator in eosinophil activations, and can stimulate B cell growth and increase immunoglobulin by binding to the IL-5 receptor. Interleukin-25 (IL-25), also known as Interleukin-17E (IL-17E) can promote type-2 (Th2) immune responses [4]. Thus, it has been demonstrated that IL-25 can induce both IL-5 and IL-13 in various mouse cell lines [5]. However, the detailed mechanism of how IL-25 induces Th2 inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-5 and IL-13, is still unclear.
Recent studies have detected the expression of IL-25 in mast cells, Th2 cells and nuocytes[6–7]. Rather important, nuocytes are helper cells [8]without any lymphocyte markers that express inducible co-stimulator (ICOS), T1/ST2 (IL-33-receptor), IL-17BR(IL-25 receptor), and IL-7Rα [9]. They moreover exist in human and mouse livers, gust, and lungs, and can induce tissue repair and Th2 immune responses in airway inflammation [10]. Nuocyte expansions have been demonstrated to act in response to IL-25 and IL-33 in vivo, and were shown to be an early source of IL-13 during a helminth infection with Nippostrongylusbrasiliensis[9]. However, the mechanisms underlying IL-25 in nuocyte activities remain understudied.
Based on previous findings, we hypothesized that IL-25 in asthma could promote the activation of nuocytes, and then in turn induce a large amount of IL-5 and IL-13 to enhance Th2 cytokine responses. In this study, the mice model with OVA was first generated. The expression of both IL-25 and Th2-type inflammation in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and in lung tissues were then valuated throughout this process. Finally, the asthmatic mice were treated with the IL-25 antibody in order to observe the inflammatory cell infiltration as well as the inflammatory cytokine secretion.
Materials and Method
Animals
The BALB/c mice (n = 45, weight 25±5g, female) were obtained from the Animal Centre of Shandong University, in the Shandong Province of China. The mice were randomly divided into three groups: an asthma group (n = 15), control group (n = 15) and anti-IL-25 group (n = 15). Chloral hydrate was used for anesthesia. All animal experiments were undertaken with the approval of the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of Shandong University [11].
Model Generation
Considering that the symptoms and pathologic features of the airway inflammation of mice is similar to that of human asthma, an Ovalbumin (OVA) mice model was chosen for our experiments. Mice in both the asthma group and the anti-IL-25 group were sensitized with 100 μg OVA in 1 mg aluminum hydroxide (Sigma), in a total volume of 0.25ml of PBS twice, on both the 1st and 8th day. They were then challenged with OVA aerosols (1% in PBS) for 30 min per day for 7 consecutive days. The control mice were sensitized with PBS instead of OVA.
In the anti-IL-25-treated experiment, mice were given anti-IL-25 (0.5 mg per mouse) by intranasal before each challenge. Through this experimental design, we expected to see the difference of results between the asthma group and anti-IL-25 group, particularly when compared to the control. During the experiment, only two mice died due to the sensitized agent–ovalbumin (OVA). Although the mortality rate (4.2%) was observed, the results in this study still showed significant difference within the standard deviation, when this is fully considered in the statistical analysis.
BALF Collection and Analysis on Inflammatory Cytokines
Collection of BALF was performed with PBS lavage four times (0.5 ml each time) through the cannulated trachea 24 h after the last challenge. A total of 2 ml of BALF was collected from each mouse [9]. The supernatant was then decanted and stored at −80°C for further analysis. The cellular influx in the BALF was examined by means of a cell counting plate. The number of eosinophils was counted by utilizing Wright's staining. The levels of IL-25, IL-5, and IL-13 were investigated by enzyme linked immune-sorbent assay (ELISA) kits.
Histology
The lungs were excised from the chest cavity and fixed with a 10% neutral buffered formalin. Lungs were then embedded in paraffin, sectioned, and stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) [12]. All images were developed at ×40.
Reverse transcription PCR
The total RNA was isolated from the lung tissues (n = 15 mice for each group) using TRIZOL Reagent (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, California, USA), while cDNA was generated via reverse transcription reaction with hexamer and Superscript II RT (Invitrogen).
All primers were designed and obtained from Takara Biotechnology Co.Ltd (Dalian) (Table 1). PCR was carried out in a 25 μl (final volume) containing the following: 5.0 μl of 5× PCR buffer, 1.0 μl of 10 μmol/L primer (both forward and reverse), 0.15 μl of Taq DNA polymerase, 5.0 μl of 1 μg/μlcDNA template, and 13.85 μl of 0.1% diethylpyrocarbonate-treated water. The PCR conditions for IL-25 and GAPDH were performed as follows: initial denaturation at 95°C for 60 seconds, followed by 37 cycles of denaturation at 95°C for 5 seconds, annealing at 55°C for 120 seconds, and extension at 72°C for 180 seconds. The PCR conditions for IL-25 and GAPDH were as follows: initial denaturation at 94°C for 30 seconds, followed by 40 cycles of denaturation at 95°C for 5 seconds, annealing at 56°C for 30 seconds, and extension at 72°C for 60 seconds. PCR products were separated on 2% agarose gels. The resulting bands were analyzed using an ABI 7900 Imaging System (UVP, LLC Upland, California, USA). GAPDH mRNA levels were used as an internal quantitative control, and the level of each target gene transcript was normalized with GAPDH mRNA levels.
Western blot analysis
The tissues used in western blotting analysis were cultured from the lungs of the mice. Whole proteins from the lung tissues were reconstituted in an ice-cold RIPA buffer containing phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride (PMSF, 1 mM) and protease inhibitors (1:100 dilution; Sigma-Aldrich). The entire tissue was then microdissected and frozen. For total protein extraction, individual cell samples were equalized, and then homogenized with an ice-cold lysis buffer containing 0.5M Tris–HCl, pH 7.4, 1.5M NaCl, 2.5% deoxycholic acid, 10%NP-40,10mM EDTA, and protease inhibitors (Millipore, Bedford, MA). The homogenates were centrifuged at 120,00 rpm for 30min at 4°C. The supernatants were harvested and used for western blotting analysis.
Protein concentrations were determined using the BCA (Beyond) assay. Sample proteins were diluted in 4×lodding buffer solution and boiled at 96°C for 5 min. A 30μg aliquot of (or equal proportion of) concentrated supernatant was subjected to sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamidegel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA, USA), and then transferred to nitrocellulose/PVDF membrane following the standard method. Non-specific binding was inhibited through incubation in 5% nonfat dried milk in a 100ml phosphate-buffered saline containing 0.05% Tween-20 (PBST) for 1h at 37°C in a covered container.
Immunoblotting was performed by incubating membranes with rabbit polyclonal IL-25 antibody (1:500), diluted in 5% bovine serum albumin (BSA) at 4°C overnight. After washing for three times with PBST, the membranes were incubated with secondary goat anti-rabbit IgG-horseradish peroxidase antibodies (1:6000, Santa Cruz), diluted in TBST at 37°C for 1.5h. Finally, the membranes were washed with TBST. Protein bands were detected by the enhanced chemiluminescence method (ECL kit, Amersham, UK). The band intensity was quantified using the Image-Pro Plus image analysis software, and the mean gray value of each band was used for further statistical analysis. The relative levels of IL-25 were normalized to the goat monoclonal GAPDH (1:3000, Bioworld, USA) band intensity.
Flow Cytometry analysis
BALF single-cell suspensions were kept in a florescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) EDTA buffer (PBS, 0.5% bovine serum albumin, 5 mM EDTA, 0.1% azide) until immune-fluorescent labeling. Single-cell suspensions were pre-incubated with IL-33 receptor–blocking antibody (anti-T1/ST2, clone 2.4G2), in order to reduce nonspecific binding. Biotinylated anti-ICOS (BD Bioscience) monoclonal antibody was used to identify mouse nuocytes. Cells were washed twice with FACS buffer and then analyzed.
Results
Asthmatic Murine Model
The asthmatic murine model was established in order to detect airway inflammation with the OVA sensitization. Using this, we found an asthmatic phenotype with significantly increased airway eosinophil infiltration, goblet cell metaplasia, and airway hyper-responsiveness. We found this by means of histological analysis. This data indicates that the asthmatic murine model was established successfully (Fig 1).
Pathological sections of lung tissues were harvested after 24h, fixed with buffered formalin, and then 5-micrometer sections were analyzed by HE staining. Original magnification, ×40. A. Asthma group. B.Anti-IL-25 group. C. Control group.
Inflammatory Cells
To identify the inflammatory response of the mice at the cellular level, we examined both total cells counts and eosinophils (EOSs) in the BALF, by means of a cell counting plate (Table 2 and Fig 2). Mice exposed to OVA in both groups (asthma and anti-IL-25) demonstrated a significant increase in the number of total cells (P< 0.05) and eosinophils (P< 0.05), particularly compared with those of the other groups (Fig 2). Moreover, in the anti-IL-25 groups, the eosinophil number decreased significantly (2.36±1.13×104/ml) particularly compared to the total cell number (37.81±6.08×104/ml) (p<0.05). This decrease is similar to that found in the control group (1.64±0.87×104/ml of EOS versus 29.64±5.53×104/ml of total cells). However, this significant variation of cell numbers didn’t occur in asthma group. This suggests that IL-25 activity induced the accumulation of eosinophils and neutrophils.
Bars depict the mean±SD. * indicates P value of less than 0.05; ** indicates P value of more than 0.05, compared with control group.
Inflammatory Cytokines
IL-25 has been reported as a key cytokine that promotes Th2 immunity responses and enhances the production of other cytokines. To investigate the correlation among the mediators (IL-25, IL-5 and IL-13) of Th2 asthmatic inflammation, we detected their expressions in the BALF. Mice exposed to OVA displayed significant hyper-responsiveness (AHR) and increase of inflammatory cells. These are both features of asthma. Moreover, we found a much higher secretion of IL-5, IL-13 and IL-25 in the asthma group (P< 0.05), while no significant changes in the anti-IL-25 group were observed (P> 0.05, Table 3 and Fig 3). This demonstrates that the administration of the anti-IL-25 antibody inhibited the signaling pathway used to produce IL-5 and IL-13. Therefore, the positive correlation among IL-25, IL-5 and IL-13 indicates that IL-25 plays a role in the increase of Th2-type cytokines (IL-5 and IL-13) that induces asthmatic airway inflammation and promotes Th2-type adaptive immune responses.
Bars depict the mean±SD. * indicates P value of less than 0.05; ** indicates P value of more than 0.05, compared with control group.
Over-expression of IL-25 in OVA-Induced Mice
To further confirm the expression pattern of the IL-25 gene in the OVA-induced asthma mice, we detected the gene’s expressions in the mRNA by means of quantitative real-time PCR, and in the protein by western blot, respectively. Results show that the expression of IL-25 in both mRNA (Table 4, Fig 4) and protein (Fig 5) exposed to OVA were much higher in the asthma groups than in other groups. The expression in the anti-IL-25 group (both mRNA and protein) have no significant change, particularly when compared to the control (P> 0.05, Fig 4 and Fig 5). This demonstrates that the expression of IL-25 is significantly up-regulated in OVA-induced asthmatic mice.
Results are expressed as mean±SD. * indicates P value of less than 0.05; ** indicates P value of more than 0.05, compared with control group.
The tracheal explants of mice extracted to perform western blot analysis. A. IL-25 and GAPDH mRNA expression profile. B. Results of A were quantified and graphed by densitometry using the Image-Pro Plus software. Results are expressed as mean±SD. * indicates P value of less than 0.05; ** indicates P value of more than 0.05, compared with control group.
ICOS and T1/ST2 expressions in OVA-Induced Mice
The innate immune system is a non-specific defensive mechanism. It consists of cells and proteins that are ready to defend against pathogenic infection. Th2-mediated immune response has been reported to play a crucial role in the pathophysiology of asthma through the induction of Th2 type cytokine production, by means of IL-25 [13–14]. Important cells in the immune system, nuocytes are usually defined by various cell surface markers: ICOS, (a member of the CD28/CTLA-4 family) and receptors for cytokine IL-33 (T1/ST2) [15].
In this study, to identify the detailed role of IL-25 in promoting innate immune responses in asthmatic airway inflammation, the expression levels of ICOS and T1/ST2 on nuocytes were detected by means of flow cytometry. We found that the levels of ICOS and T1/ST2 on nuocytes were significantly up-regulated in BALF of OVA-induced mice, particularly when compared with the control group (P< 0.05, Fig 6). However, the levels were down-regulated when treated by intranasal anti-IL-25. There is no difference between the anti-IL-25-treated group and the control group. Thus, we see nuocytes are involved in IL-25 signaling and, moreover, interact with a wide range of mediators. This could trigger the activation of Th2-type immune responses (Fig 6).
The numbers in A, B, and C represent the absolute numbers of detected cells in the boxes. A. The levels of ICOS and T1/ST2 in nuocytes were significantly up-regulated in the asthma group. B. The levels of ICOS and T1/ST2 in nuocytes were not significantly changed in the anti-IL-25 group. C. The levels of ICOS and T1/ST2 in nuocytes were not significantly changed in the control group. D. The number of nuocytes. Result are expressed as mean±SD. * indicates P value of less than 0.05; ** indicates P value of more than 0.05, compared with control group.
Discussion
IL-25 induces the production of IL-5 and IL-13
Asthma is a chronic airway inflammatory disease. It occurs with a predominant Th2 immunity, and is a consequence of inappropriate immunologic responses to environmental allergens. Infiltration of eosinophils and other cells, excessive mucus production, and airway hyper-reactivity all induces airway narrowing and generates significant morbidity [1].
As a member of the IL-17 family, interleukin-25 promoted Th2 immune responses [16]. But other IL-17 family cytokines have similar reactions to Th1 inflammatory cytokines [17]. Importantly, recent studies have reported that the expression of IL-25 is associated with asthmatic disease in both human and mice’s lung epithelial cell lines [18]. This indicates that IL-25 is an important initiator of type-2 responses. However, other studies have questioned whether the type of cells that produce IL-25 is not only in Th2 cells [4], but also in eosinophils and basophils [19].
More recently, it has been demonstrated that IL-25 mRNA is up-regulated in the gut after a Nippostrongylusbrasiliensis infection, or in the lungs in response to Aspergillusfumigatus[20]. In addition, some studies have detected the expression of IL-25 in mast cells, Th2 cells, NKT cells, and nuocytes[21–22].
In our study, the over-expression of IL-25 was found in the OVA murine model, consistent with most previous conclusions [23–24]. Furthermore, mice were found to be able to induce a large amount of IL-5 and IL-13 with the treatment of IL-25. This indicates that IL-25 promotes Th2 immunity response through the recruitment of IL-5 and IL-13.
The expression of IL-25 induces nuocytes
As the antigen-presenting cells that bridge between innate and adaptive immunity, nuocytes induce tissue repair and Th2 immune responses [13]. From the expression profile of IL-25, Th2-type inflammation in BALF, and lung tissues in our study, IL-25 was observed to be significantly over-expressed in both lung tissues and the BALF. Moreover, the expression of ICOS and T1/ST2 in BALF was also increased on the nuocytes of asthmatic mice, but was down-regulated in mice treated by intranasal application of anti-IL-25. Furthermore, when the asthmatic mice were treated with the IL-25 antibody, the inflammatory cell infiltration and the inflammatory cytokine secretion were significantly decreased. This represents a positive correlation between IL-25 and nuocytes, implying that IL-25 expression might be involved in a series of asthmatic immune responses, and play an important role in nuocytes activation (that maintains Th2 central memory and sustains asthmatic inflammation).
There are some studies that demonstrate the direct correlations between production of IL-5 and IL-13, and nuocytes promoted by IL-25[9] or IL-33 [25]. Overall, the emerging picture in innate type-2 immunity is one of multiple cell types (including NHCs, nuocytes, Ih2 cells, MPP type-2 cells, basophils, mast cells, NKT cells, and eosinophils) with distinct but overlapping roles. Most of these cells respond to one or more of cytokines IL-25, IL-33, and TSLP. More importantly, most have the capacity for significant production of type-2 cytokines [9]. Thus, we believe that the activities of Th2 cytokines IL-5 and IL-13 promoted by IL-25 in asthmatic mice are intermediated by nuocytes, which in turn might accumulate ICOS and T1/ST2.
Treatment of the IL-25 antibody, and airway remodeling
Airway remodeling is defined as the structural changes occurring in both large and small airways [26]. Airway remodeling is usually featured by the increase of airway wall thickness, allergic airway inflammation, epithelial cell alterations (cell shedding, ciliated cell loss, and goblet cell hyperplasia), subepithelial fibrosis, the increase of airway smooth muscle mass, and cronchial neovascularization [27]. Clinically, the understanding of airway remodeling pathogenesis is poor, which leads to lackingtherapeutic targets in clinic trials. There are few studies that have reported that IL-25 drives airway remodeling [28–29]. This is consistent to our findings.
Our study also indicates that IL-25 activates nuocytes with high expression of ICOS and T1/ST2, and interacts with other inflammatory mediators. This initiates the ensuing adaptive Th2-type immune responses in asthmatic mice. However, when asthmatic mice were given IL-25 antibodies, airway inflammation was inhibited by the reduced infiltration of inflammatory cells and cytokines. The mice receiving the IL-25 antibody suffered from a significant decrease in the expression of ICOS and T1/ST2 on their nuocytes. This implies that the IL-25 antibody might inhibit the activation of nuocytes, so as to decrease the Th2-related mediator production.
Therefore, our study indicates that IL-25 might be a potential clinical target for the treatment of airway remodeling in asthma. This moreover supports the conclusions in previous studies about airway remodeling[30–31]. The IL-25 antibody can be considered a good therapeutic candidate for the management of asthmatic airway inflammation.
Conclusions
In summary, this study revealed that IL-25 was a potential active cytokine in the OVA-induced asthmatic model. IL-25 induced strong type-2 adaptive immune responses. In addition to its direct effect, IL-25 could also induce a strong expression of both IL-5 and IL-13 via the nuocytes. Moreover, IL-25 might be a potential clinical target for the treatment of airway remodeling in asthma, and its antibody maybe considered a good therapeutic candidate for the management of asthmatic airway inflammation.
Author Contributions
- Conceived and designed the experiments: WX CZ.
- Performed the experiments: CW QL FC WX.
- Analyzed the data: CW.
- Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: CW QL FC WX.
- Wrote the paper: CW WX.
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