https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6394-5728
Figures
Abstract
Background
The objective of this study in MSM living with HIV was to determine the incidence of HSIL and ASCC, related factors, and the response to treatment.
Patients and methods
Data were gathered in 405 consecutive HIV-infected MSM (May 2010-December 2018) at baseline and annually on: sexual behavior, anal cytology, and HPV PCR and/or high-resolution anoscopy results. They could choose mucosectomy with electric scalpel (from May 2010) or self-administration of 5% imiquimod 3 times weekly for 16 weeks (from November 2013). A multivariate logistic regression model was developed for ≥HSIL-related factors using a step-wise approach to select variables, with a significance level of 0.05 for entry and 0.10 for exit, applying the Hosmer-Lemeshow test to assess the goodness of fit.
Results
The study included 405 patients with a mean age of 36.2 years; 56.7% had bachelor´s degree, and 52.8% were smokers. They had a mean of 1 (IQR 1–7) sexual partner in the previous 12 months, median time since HIV diagnosis of 2 years, and mean CD4 nadir of 367.9 cells/uL; 86.7% were receiving ART, the mean CD4 level was 689.6 cells/uL, mean CD4/CD8 ratio was 0.77, and 85.9% of patients were undetectable. Incidence rates were 30.86/1,000 patient-years for ≥high squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL) and 81.22/100,000 for anal squamous cell carcinoma (ASCC). The ≥HSIL incidence significantly decreased from 42.9% (9/21) in 2010 to 4.1% (10/254) in 2018 (p = 0.034). ≥HSIL risk factors were infection with HPV 11 (OR 3.81; 95%CI 1.76–8.24), HPV 16 (OR 2.69, 95%CI 1.22–5.99), HPV 18 (OR 2.73, 95%CI 1.01–7.36), HPV 53 (OR 2.97, 95%CI 1.002–8.79); HPV 61 (OR 11.88, 95%CI 3.67–38.53); HPV 68 (OR 2.44, CI 95% 1.03–5.8); low CD4 nadir (OR1.002; 95%CI 1–1.004) and history of AIDS (OR 2.373, CI 95% 1.009–5.577). Among HSIL-positive patients, the response rate was higher after imiquimod than after surgical excision (96.7% vs 73.3%, p = 0.009) and there were fewer re-treatments (2.7% vs 23.4%, p = 0.02) and adverse events (2.7% vs 100%, p = 0.046); none developed ASCC.
Citation: Hidalgo-Tenorio C, García-Martínez CM, Pasquau J, Omar-Mohamed-Balgahata M, López-Ruz M, López-Hidalgo J, et al. (2021) Risk factors for ≥high-grade anal intraepithelial lesions in MSM living with HIV and the response to topical and surgical treatments. PLoS ONE 16(2): e0245870. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0245870
Editor: Luca Giannella, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Ospedali Riuniti di Ancona Umberto I G M Lancisi G Salesi, ITALY
Received: June 23, 2020; Accepted: January 10, 2021; Published: February 3, 2021
Copyright: © 2021 Hidalgo-Tenorio et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Data Availability: All relevant data are within the manuscript and its Supporting information files.
Funding: The author(s) received no specific funding for this work.
Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Introduction
Anal squamous-cell carcinoma (ASCC) is frequent among individuals living with HIV (HIV+) and associated with a high mortality rate [1] and with an incidence of up to 131/100,000 people/year among HIV+ men who have sex with men (MSM) [2], with a similar survival rate to the general population [3]. The beginning of a decline in its incidence among MSM has been described by some observational studies but not by clinical trials, which may be explained by the participation of their study populations in an intraepithelial neoplasia screening and treatment program [4, 5], as recently reported by our group [6].
ASCC has been associated with persistent infection by high-risk oncogenic HPV (HR-HPV) genotypes [7]. Interaction between HIV and HPV, which have risk factors in common, has been reported to increase the risk of HPV and reduce the clearance rate among individuals living with HIV [8].
It remains controversial whether the treatment of high-grade anal intraepithelial lesions (HSILs) prevents the subsequent development of ASCC [9], and no standard approach has been established, so that treatments vary among centers according to their resources and experience. Therapeutic options include local topical treatments with trichloroacetic acid, imiquimod, or 5-fluoruracil and more invasive treatments such as excision, fulguration, or laser therapy [9]. Surgical excision used to be a treatment of choice but is associated with adverse effects, including anal stenosis, and with recurrences and incomplete resection, especially when the anal disease is extensive [10]. Fulguration is applied during high-resolution anoscopy (HRA) and has been associated with a recurrence rate of around 25% at 30 months in HIV+ patients, depending on the amount of fulguration [11]. In regard to infrared or laser coagulation, it can be applied in the consulting room and is well tolerated, but a recurrence rate of 61% at one year has been described in HIV+ patients [12]. Finally, topical therapies offer a non-invasive option with a good safety profile and few adverse effects [9]. In particular, imiquimod offers the advantage of self-administration, a low recurrence rate, and a high response rate in HIV+ patients, which was reported to be 61% in a clinical trial [13].
In this study of consecutive HIV+ MSM undergoing a screening/treatment program at our hospital, we previously reported that oncogenic genotype clearance in anal mucosa was associated with the length of ART but did not affect the incidence of HSILs or ASCC. In the present article, data from the same population [6] were analyzed with a different objective, which was to determine the incidence of HSIL and ASCC, the risk factors, and the response to imiquimod treatment and/or electrosurgical excision.
Patients and methods
Design
This longitudinal observational (naturalistic/naturalist) prospective study was conducted in a population of 405 adult HIV+ MSM patients with no history of ASCC, who were consecutively enrolled between May 2010 and December 2018 in a screening and follow-up program for dysplasic anal mucosa lesions. This population and the methodology applied were previously reported [6] in a previous study on HR-HPV clearance and acquisition rates and their relationship with the incidence of HSILs/ASCC in anal mucosa. At their baseline visit (V0) we obtained the written informed consent of the patients to participation in the study, which was approved by the ethics committee (CEIC) of the University Hospital “Virgen de las Nieves” and complied with Spanish data protection legislation (Law 15/1999, 13 December). This CEIC is integrated within the network of ethics Committees of Andalusian public health system (SSPA). CEIC is regulated by order/Decree 439/2010 December 14th of Andalusia. All data were treated in accordance with Spanish data protection legislation Law 15/1999, 13 December, on Personal Character Data Protection).
In brief, data were gathered at baseline (V0), 4–12 weeks, and subsequent follow-ups (at individualized intervals) on clinical-epidemiological and analytical variables and on the results of PCR (Gonorrhoeae, Mycoplasma spp, Chlamydia spp, Ureaplasma spp) and oral-anal-urethral exudate culture (Gonorrhoeae) studies in symptomatic patients or infected partners. In addition, two anal canal mucosa samples were taken at baseline for HPV detection and genotyping by qualitative PCR and for cytology study using the “thin-layer” technique (Processor Thin Prep 2000 (Hologic), and HRA was performed at 4–12 weeks taking samples of apparently normal mucosa and areas with Lugol-negative aceto-white lesions using an endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography catheter. HRA results were obtained from 100% of patients, and findings of at least one follow-up anoscopy were available for 97.3% (394/405). HRA was performed by an infectious disease specialist specifically trained for one year by an expert in this technique from the Department of Digestive Disease of our hospital.
At one year, patients with a normal anoscopy result and LSIL (AIN1) were examined with cytology, HPV PCR, and anoscopy, whereas those with HSIL underwent electrosurgical mucosal resection (from May 2010) or self-administration of 5% imiquimod 3 times/week for 16 weeks (from November 2013), followed by another anoscopy. Surgery was the sole option from May 2010 until the introduction of imiquimod in 2013; since then, all patients have been offered imiquimod as first treatment option. If the imiquimod treatment failed, patients were offered extension of the course up to 18 weeks, a new 16-week cycle of imiquimod, or surgery. Between May 2012 and May 2014, quadrivalent HPV vaccine was received by patients with no HPV 16 or 18 infection and no presence or history of HSIL+-compatible lesions. Cytology results were categorized according to the Bethesda classification [14] and histological findings according to the LAST HPV standardization project [15].
Definition of variables
Abnormal cytology: Cytology findings of ASCUS, LSIL, or HSIL.
Histology with ≥HSILs: Histology findings from HSIL to ASCC.
Therapeutic failure: HSIL persistence after treatment.
Post-treatment HSIL recurrence: Re-appearance of previously treated lesion with normal post-treatment anoscopy.
Response to treatment: Disappearance of lesion in follow-up anoscopy after treatment with surgery or imiquimod.
Self-administration of 5% imiquimod. On Mondays, Wednesdays and Fridays, patients used a preloaded single-use insulin syringe (after cleaning drug remains from its surface) to apply imiquimod inside the anal canal, 3 cm from the anal verge, while in left lateral decubitus position, preferably before sleeping. Before starting this therapy, the patient received detailed instructions on the procedure from the attending physician and nurse.
Statistical analysis
SPSS 21.0 was used for data analyses. The descriptive statistics and tests used for bivariate analyses were previously reported in detail [6]. In the present study, a multivariate logistic regression model was developed for ≥HSIL-related factors, using Freeman’s formula [n = 10*(k+1)] [16], including significant variables in bivariate analysis (ART duration, infection with low-risk HPV genotypes, infection with HPV-6, 11, 16, 18, 53, 59, 61, or 68, and duration of infection with high-risk genotypes) and other variables deemed clinically relevant (smoking habit, history of AIDS, CD4 nadir, CD4/CD8 ratio, duration of infection with HR-HPV and mixed infection). A stepwise approach was used to select variables, with a significance level of 0.05 for entry and 0.10 for exit, applying the Hosmer-Lemeshow test to assess the goodness of fit. P≤0.05 was considered significant.
Results
Baseline characteristics of the cohort
Table 1 summarizes the baseline characteristics of the 405 HIV+MSM enrolled in the study, Table 2 exhibits the distribution of genotypes and Table 3 the cytology and anoscopy findings. In brief, the mean age was 36.2 years, and fewer than 10% were aged > 50 years. They had very good viro-immunological status, 85.6% were on ART at enrolment, and the mean interval since HIV diagnosis was around two years. There was a high prevalence of HPV infection: 76.9% with HR-genotypes, 73.1% with LR-genotypes and 58.1% with both. The prevalence of ≥HSILs was 21.7% (88/405), with an incidence of 30.86/1,000 patient-years, while the prevalence of ASCC was 0.74%, (4/405), with an incidence of 81.22/100,000 patient-years.
Bivariate and multivariate analysis.
Factors associated with ≥HSIL
In the multivariate analysis, the presence of ≥HSILs was related to infection with HPV genotypes 11 (OR 3.81; CI95% 1.76–8.24), 16 (OR 2.69, 95%CI 1.22–5.99), 18 (OR 2.73, CI95% 1.01–7.36), 53 (OR 2.97, CI95% 1.002–8.79), 61 (OR 11.88, 95%CI 3.67–38.53) and 68 (OR 2.44, 95%CI 1.03–5.8), low CD4 nadir (OR1.002; CI95% 1–1.004), and history of AIDS (OR 2.37, 95%CI 1.009–5.58). The remaining results obtained are exhibited in Table 3.
HSIL patients and treatment outcomes
After excluding 11 patients who did not undergo two or more anoscopies, treatment outcomes were analyzed in a sample of 394 (87.2%) MSM, with a median follow-up of 36 months (IQR: 12–69), 1.215 patients-year. Table 4 exhibits the characteristic of the two HSIL treatment groups (imiquimod and surgery).
Mucosectomy was performed in 47 patients with HSIL, with a median follow-up of 60 months (IQR: 46–73 months) and median disease-free period of 48 months (IQR: 28–60 months).
Forty-one (87.2%) of these patients received surgery alone, five (10.6%) received surgery plus self-administered imiquimod, due to failure of surgery in two cases and recurrence in three, and one patient underwent successful surgery after the failure of imiquimod treatment. Surgical margins were disease-free in 35 patients (76.9%) after first surgery. The response rate was 73.3% to surgery as first-line treatment (33/45) versus 96.8% to imiquimod (31/32) (p = 0.009) as evaluated by post-treatment HRA. A median of one surgical intervention was performed (IQR:1–1), with 31 patients undergoing one, 9 needing two, and 1 needing four interventions. Recurrence was recorded in 7 patients (15.2%), and repeat excision of the same lesion in 11 (23.4%). All surgical patients reported adverse effects, with a median duration of 15 days post-surgery (IQR: 7–21 days), including bleeding with defecation in 32 (68%), pain requiring anti-analgesics in 39 (82.9%), rectal incontinence in 1 (2.1%), and transient anal stenosis in 3 (6.4%) versus 1 in the imiquimod group (2.7%, p = 0.046). Among the 43 patients with follow-up HPV PCR results, clearance of oncogenic VPH genotypes was observed in 19 (44.2%).
Thirty-seven patients with HSIL self-administered 5% imiquimod three times/week; the treatment lasted 16 weeks in 97.3% of these patients and 18 weeks in 2.7%. It was first-line treatment in 32 patients (86.4%) and administered after previous surgery in 5 (13.5%); all patients showed a complete response, except for one case of failure caused by intolerance to imiquimod. Only one patient (2.7%) needed retreatment of the same lesion, whereas 11 (23.4%) of the surgical group required repeat surgery (p = 0.02). The median number of affected quadrants was 1 (IQR: 1–2). Mean follow-up was 48 months (IQR: 35–57 months) and mean disease-free period 36 months (IQR: 12–48). Imiquimod was discontinued in one patient (2.7%) for adverse effects (anal itching, stinging, and/or pain) attributed to non-compliance with the treatment protocol. Among the 35 (94.6%) patients treated with imiquimod for whom follow-up HPV PCR results were available, clearance of oncogenic VPH genotypes was observed in 10 (28.6%) (p = 0.065). No patient treated with surgery or imiquimod progressed to ASCC.
We found significant reductions in ≥HSIL cases between 2010 and 2018 (42.9% (9/21) vs. 4.1% (10/245) p = 0.034), between 2010 and 2013 (42.9% (9/21) vs. 13.8% (22/159), p = 0.003), and between 2013 and 2016 (13.8% (22/159) vs. 4.8% (13/273), p = 0.0001), followed by a stabilization between 2016 and 2018 (4.8% (13/273) vs. 4.1% (10/245), p = 0.617). Four deaths were recorded during the follow-up: one patient with hepatic cirrhosis secondary to chronic HCV infection in 2012, one with Burkitt lymphoma in 2013, one with small-cell lung cancer in 2014, and one with metastatic ASCC in 2015. Further data on outcomes were previously reported in detail [6].
Discussion
Since the first HIV epidemic, the incidence of ASCC has increased in seropositive patients, mainly in MSM with AIDS [17]. After the initiation of our screening/treatment program in 2010, the ≥HSIL rate significantly decreased among HIV-infected MSM patients for six years and then subsequently stabilized, with no progression to ASCC in patients with treated HSIL. Our results support the proposition by the authors of the Swiss Cohort study that the incidence of ASCC among people living with HIV can be markedly reduced if they all receive ART and can be further diminished if they also undergo annual screening with anal cytology or anoscopy [18]. A recent study of 592 HIV patients, with a mean follow-up of 69 months, reported that the risk of progression from HSIL (AIN3) to ASCC was high and that ASCC screening was the only factor that reduced this risk [19]. Data from the Study for the Prevention of Anal Cancer (SPANC) [20] are expected to elucidate the natural evolution of HPV infection, allowing a more effective classification of patients at risk of ASCC. In the meantime, a program to screen, diagnose, treat and follow up anal mucosal dysplastic lesions appears recommendable, especially in HIV+ MSM.
In this prospective study of HIV+ MSM undergoing a screening/treatment program for anal mucosa dysplasic lesions, the presence of ≥high-grade anal intraepithelial lesions were related to infection by HPV genotypes 11 16, 18, 53, 61 and 68, a low CD4 nadir and a history of AIDS. This finding of a relationship between HSIL-positivity and poor immunological status is consistent with previous observations that prolonged antiretroviral treatment [21–23] and a high CD4 count, regardless of CD4 nadir [24], are protective factors against HSIL. A recent prospective study observed a similar incidence of HPV-16 and -18 genotypes in the anal mucosa of French HIV+MSM, but HPV-16 was more persistent and therefore more closely correlated with the presence of HSIL [25]. In a retrospective study of “alpha-human papillomavirus” in the anal mucosa of German HIV+ patients, the presence of HSIL and simultaneous infection was associated with high- and low-risk genotypes [26]. Currently, patients with a new diagnosis of HIV in Spain are usually MSM, and the diagnosis is late in 47.6% of these cases [27], with a CD4 count <200 cells/uL. The above data suggest that screening for anal dysplasia is essential in this type of patient.
Self-administration of 5% imiquimod was a highly effective therapeutic strategy against HSIL in this series of HIV+MSM. Most of them did not need to repeat the topical treatment, whereas around a quarter of the patients undergoing excision required another intervention. Furthermore, the therapeutic failure rate and dropout for adverse effects were lower in the imiquimod group than in the surgery group. Various studies have supported the efficacy of imiquimod to treat HSIL in HIV+ patients [13, 28, 29]. Thus, a double-blind randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial comparing between self-application of imiquimod (n = 28) versus placebo (n = 25) in the anal canal three times/week for 4 months found a significant association (P = 0.003) between imiquimod and a positive outcome [13]. In addition, a prospective, observational open study in 44 HIV+ patients with HSIL observed a response rate of 66% (29/44) for imiquimod [28]. Finally, a retrospective observational study in 28 HIV+ and HIV- patients observed a higher frequency of total or partial responses in those receiving anal tampon treatment with a 15 mg versus 6.25 mg dose of imiquimod, with no difference in CD4, HIV viral load, or serostatus [29].
Further advantages of 5% imiquimod in comparison to ablative therapies include its self-administration and its usefulness in cases of extensive disease. The surgical option was also effective in a large proportion of our patients, although some needed retreatment due to recurrence or incomplete excision. No cases of permanent stenosis or fecal incontinence were observed in the surgical group; however, surgery is not currently recommended due to its adverse effects, especially in patients with large lesions [30].
Limitations of this single-center study include its observational design, comparing the real-life clinical effectiveness of imiquimod and surgery rather than their efficacy (as in a clinical trial). In addition, it only included HIV+MSM, and these data cannot be extrapolated to other types of patient. Finally, 11 of the 405 enrolled patients did not undergo two or more anoscopies and were therefore lost to the follow-up. However, its strengths include the prospective design and long follow-up period, which was a mean of 36 months. In fact, the present cohort of HIV+ patients is one of the few published to date that was created to measure predetermined objectives.
In conclusion, HSIL screening and treatment programs reduce the incidence of this precursor of ASCC. Chronic mixed HPV infection and a history of poor immunological status are associated with the presence of HSILs. Self-administration of 5% imiquimod is more effective than surgery as first-line treatment of anal HSIL in HIV+MSM patients, with a lower recurrence rate and fewer adverse effects.
Acknowledgments
The authors are grateful to Mercedes Álvarez Romero for coordinating patients and drawing blood samples and to Marina Gutiérrez and Rodrigo López of the Pathology Department for processing samples. The authors are grateful to the participating patients.
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