Abstract
The photoprotection mechanisms in the marine microalga Isochrysis galbana were examined by comparing the photosynthetic characteristics in two I. galbana strains IOAC724S and IOAC683S under high light. The rDNA ITS regions of IOAC724S and IOAC683S were closely clustered in the Neighbor-Joining tree, suggesting that the two strains are very similar to each other genetically. Regulated energy dissipation in photosystem (PS) II (NPQ) and cyclic electron flow with PSI (CEF-I) can protect the photosynthetic apparatus against photodamage. There were no significant differences in NPQ and CEF-I between IOAC724S and IOAC683S under high light. In both strains, NPQ was very low, and CEF-I was maintained at a high level. This suggested that NPQ was not strong enough to dissipate the excess excitation energy, and CEF-I might protect the photosynthetic apparatus against photodamage in I. galbana. Photosynthetic linear electron flow was lower, but the alternative electron flow within PSII (AEF-II) was significantly higher in IOAC724S than in IOAC683S. The higher AEF-II in IOAC724S efficiently removed excess excitation energy, thereby, protecting the photosynthetic apparatus, as indicated by the lower value of quantum yield of the nonregulated energy dissipation of PSII and the lower content of hydrogen peroxide in IOAC724S.
Acknowledgments
We are grateful to the National Basic Research Program of China (973 Program, No. 2011CB200904) and the Key Project of Jianguo Natural Science Foundation (BK2011009) for their financial support of this study.
References
Barber, J. 2006. Photosystem II: an enzyme of global significance. Biochem. Soc. Trans. 34: 619–631.10.1042/BST0340619Search in Google Scholar
Burdett, H.L., S.J. Hennige, F.T-Y. Francis and N.A. Kamenos. 2012. The photosynthetic characteristics of red coralline algae, determined using pulse amplitude modulation (PAM) fluorometry. Bot. Mar. 55: 499–509.Search in Google Scholar
Guillard, R.R.L. and P.E. Hargraves. 1993. Stichochrysis immobilis is a diatom, not a chrysophyte. Phycologia32: 234–236.Search in Google Scholar
Herzig, R. and Z. Dubinsky. 1993. Effect of photoacclimation on the energy partitioning between cyclic and non-cyclic photophosphorylation. New Phytol. 123: 665–672.10.1111/j.1469-8137.1993.tb03775.xSearch in Google Scholar
Huang, W., S.B. Zhang and K.F. Cao. 2010. Stimulation of cyclic electron flow during recovery after chilling-induced photoinhibition of PSII. Plant Cell Physiol. 51: 1922–1928.10.1093/pcp/pcq144Search in Google Scholar
Huang, W., S.B. Zhang and K.F. Cao. 2011. Cyclic electron flow plays an important role in photoprotection of tropical trees illuminated at temporal chilling temperature. Plant Cell Physiol. 52: 297–305.10.1093/pcp/pcq166Search in Google Scholar
Joet, T., L. Cournac, G. Peltier and M. Havaux. 2002. Cyclic electron flow around photosystem I in C3 plants. In vivo control by the redox state of chloroplasts and involvement of the NADH-dehydrogenase complex. Plant Physiol. 128: 760–769.10.1104/pp.010775Search in Google Scholar
Kimura, M. 1980. A simple method for estimating evolutionary rates of base substitutions through comparative studies of nucleotide sequences. J. Mol. Evol. 16: 111–120.10.1007/BF01731581Search in Google Scholar
Klughammer, C. and U. Schreiber. 1994. An improved method, using saturating light pulses, for the determination of photosystem I quantum yield via P700+-absorbance changes at 830 nm. Planta 192: 261–268.Search in Google Scholar
Kolber, Z., J. Zehr and P. Falkowski. 1988. Effects of growth irradiance and nitrogen limitation on photosynthetic energy conversion in Photosystem II. Plant Physiol. 88: 923–929.10.1104/pp.88.3.923Search in Google Scholar
Liu, Q., T. Pang, L. Li, J.G. Liu and W. Lin. 2014. Isochrysis sp. IOAC724S, a newly isolated, lipidenriched, marine microalga for lipid production, and optimized cultivation conditions. Biomass Bioenerg. 60: 32–40.Search in Google Scholar
Lu, C.M. and A. Vonshak. 2002. Effects of salinity stress on photosystem II function in cyanobacterial Spirulina platensis cells. Physiol. Plantarum 114: 405–413.10.1034/j.1399-3054.2002.1140310.xSearch in Google Scholar
Miyake, C. and M. Okamura. 2003. Cyclic electron flow within PSII protects PSII from its photoinhibition in thylakoid membranes from spinach chloroplasts. Plant Cell Physiol. 44: 457–462.10.1093/pcp/pcg053Search in Google Scholar
Naruya, S. and N. Masatoshi. 1987. The neighbor-joining method: a new method for reconstructing phylogenetic trees. Mol. Biol. Evol. 4: 406–425.Search in Google Scholar
Niyogi, K.K. 2000. Safety valves of photosynthesis. Curr. Opin. Plant Biol. 3: 455–460.10.1016/S1369-5266(00)00113-8Search in Google Scholar
Prasil, O., Z. Kolber, J.A. Berry and P.G. Falkowski. 1996. Cyclic electron flow around photosystem II in vivo. Photosynth. Res. 48: 395–410.10.1007/BF00029472Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Roopnarain, A., V.M. Gray and S.D. Sym. 2014. Phosphorus limitation and starvation effects on cell growth and lipid accumulation in Isochrysis galbana U4 for biodiesel production. Bioresource Technol. 156: 408–411.10.1016/j.biortech.2014.01.092Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Sánchez, Á., R. Maceiras, Á. Cancela and A. Pérez. 2013. Culture aspects of Isochrysis galbana for biodiesel production. Appl. Energ. 101: 192–197.10.1016/j.apenergy.2012.03.027Search in Google Scholar
Sandmann, G., H. Reck, E. Kessler and P. Böger. 1983. Distribution of plastocyanin and soluble plastidic cytoehrome c in various classes of algae. Arch. Microbiol. 134: 23–27.10.1007/BF00429401Search in Google Scholar
Scheller, H.V. and A. Haldrup. 2005. Photoinhibition of photosystem I. Planta 221: 5–8.10.1007/s00425-005-1507-7Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Shikanai, T. 2007. Cyclic electron transport around photosystem I: genetic approaches. Annu. Rev. Plant Biol. 58: 199–217.10.1146/annurev.arplant.58.091406.110525Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Shinopoulos, K.E. and G.W. Brudvig. 2012. Cytochrome b559 and cyclic electron transfer within photosystem II. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1817: 66–75.10.1016/j.bbabio.2011.08.002Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Takahashi, S. and N. Murata. 2008. How do environmental stresses accelerate photoinhibition? Trends Plant Sci. 13: 178–182.10.1016/j.tplants.2008.01.005Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Tamura, K., D. Peterson, N. Peterson, G. Stecher, M. Nei and S. Kumar. 2011. MEGA5: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis using maximum likelihood, evolutionary distance, and maximum parsimony methods. Mol. Biol. Evol. 28: 2731–2739.Search in Google Scholar
Timmins, M., S.R. Thomas-Hall, A. Darling, E. Zhang, B. Hankamer, U.C. Marx and P.M. Schenk. 2009. Phylogenetic and molecular analysis of hydrogen-producing green algae. J. Exp. Bot. 60: 1691–1702.10.1093/jxb/erp052Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Yordanov, I. and V. Velikova. 2000. Photoinhibition of photosystem I. Bulg. J. Plant Physiol. 26: 70–92.Search in Google Scholar
Yoshioka, M., T. Yago, Y. Yoshie-Stark, H. Arakawa and T. Morinaga. 2012. Effect of high frequency of intermittent light on the growth and fatty acid profile of Isochrysis galbana. Aquaculture338–341: 111–117.10.1016/j.aquaculture.2012.01.005Search in Google Scholar
Zhang, P.Y., J. Yu and X.X. Tang. 2005. UV-B radiation suppresses the growth and antioxidant systems of two marine microalgae, platymonas subcordiformis (Wille) Hazen and nitzschia closterium (Ehrenb.) W. Sm. J. Integr. Plant Biol. 47: 683–691.Search in Google Scholar
Zhang, L.T., Z.S. Zhang, H.Y. Gao, X.L. Meng, C. Yang, J.G. Liu and Q.W. Meng. 2012. The mitochondrial alternative oxidase pathway protects the photosynthetic apparatus against photodamage in Rumex K-1 leaves. BMC Plant Biol.12: 40.10.1186/1471-2229-12-40Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Zhang, L.T., M.L. He and J.G. Liu. 2014. The enhancement mechanism of hydrogen photoproduction in Chlorella protothecoides under nitrogen limitation and sulfur deprivation. Int. J. Hydrogen Energ. 39: 8969–8976.10.1016/j.ijhydene.2014.04.045Search in Google Scholar
©2014 by De Gruyter