Abstract
There is a growing need for diversification of seaweed aquaculture practices in Europe. In the Baltic Sea, very few seaweed species are utilised commercially, and only the kelp Saccharina latissima is presently cultivated, although a common red alga – Furcellaria lumbricalis – has the longest harvesting history in the region. Nevertheless, in recent years, there has been an increasing interest in cultivating F. lumbricalis in Estonian coastal waters. Several pilot studies have been initiated to develop techniques for the vegetative propagation of sporophytes and gametophytes. Based on a literature survey, ongoing investigations and expert opinion, a comprehensive overview of the ecophysiological requirements and chemical composition of different forms of F. lumbricalis is given in this review, together with its potential for biotechnological applications. Recommendations for cultivating the species in open water are given. Overall, biotechnological applications of F. lumbricalis rely on high-value biochemicals like furcellaran, R-phycoerythrin, lutein (carotenoids) and phenolic content (antioxidants). Further bioprospecting is needed to estimate the possible content of oxylipins in the alga.
About the authors
Priit Kersen is a phycologist at the Estonian Marine Institute, University of Tartu, Estonia. His research mainly focuses on macroalgal ecology and taxonomy. Specific interests include marine epibiosis, red alga Furcellaria lumbricalis biology and its bioeconomic applications and benthic algal diversity and distribution. He is responsible for the quality assurance of benthic analysis and the quality management system in the Marine Laboratory (according to ISO/IEC 17025). Currently, Priit is investigating anti- and profouling coatings for aquaculture applications.
Tiina Paalme is a senior researcher at the Estonian Marine Institute, University of Tartu, Estonia. She specialises in the ecophysiology of macrophytes. Her fields of interest include the estimation of the effects of climatic, environmental and anthropogenic factors on primary production, growth and epibiontic communities of brackish water macrophytes. Ongoing projects include the assessment of potential environmental impacts associated with macroalgae cultivation in the Baltic Sea.
Liina Pajusalu is a junior research fellow in Marine Biology at the Estonian Marine Institute, University of Tartu, Estonia. Her main research topic is the impact of ocean acidification on seaweeds. Liina’s research interests also include seaweed cultivation in a brackish water environment.
Georg Martin is a leading scientist at the Estonian Marine Institute, University of Tartu, Estonia. He has been coordinating a national marine environmental monitoring program for the last 15 years and has been active in working groups of HELCOM, specifically related to the monitoring and assessment of the status of the Baltic Sea. His research focuses on benthic ecology, especially the evaluation of human-induced stressors, eutrophication and marine acidification on benthic communities. His recent activities have covered developing assessment tools and indicators for assessing the status of marine biodiversity in the context of implementing recent environmental policy instruments.
Acknowledgements
The initiation of the idea to evolve this review was provided by COST Action FA1406: PHYCOMORPH – Advancing knowledge on seaweed growth and development. This study is financed by Vormsi Agar OÜ (project LLOMI14055) and Eesti Vesiviljeluse Arenduskeskus MTÜ (project LLTMI16195) and partially funded by the Estonian Ministry of Education and Research (grant SF0180005s10) and the Estonian Research Council (grant IUT2-20). We are thankful to Rando Tuvikene and Ülo Suursaar for their consultation on some topics.
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