Abstract
The variability of subject expression has been extensively investigated across languages. We present a large-scale multivariate statistical analysis of the choice of subject expression in the 1st person singular in spontaneous Finnish conversation, with a focus on the choice between pronominal and zero subject. Spoken Finnish represents an interesting case, as the dominant type of subject expression is double marking, i. e. the combination of a pronominal subject marker (subject pronoun) and a verbal subject marker (person marking). Siewierska (1999, From anaphoric pronoun to grammatical agreement marker: Why objects don’t make it. Folia Linguistica 33(2). 225–251) notes that this type of marking is typologically rare. Our findings indicate that the choice of subject expression is affected by both constructional and cognitive/discourse factors, and that an important role in the choice of subject expression is played by the sequential structure of the conversation.
Funding statement: Kulttuurin ja Yhteiskunnan Tutkimuksen Toimikunta (Grant/Award Numbers: “251996”, “276399”).
About the authors
Marja-Liisa Helasvuo is professor of Finnish language at the University of Turku, Finland. Her research interests lie in the area of interactional linguistics where she has focused on the relationship between syntax and conversational organization. She is the author of Syntax in the Making (Benjamins, 2001) as well as several research articles. She is the co-editor of Grammar from the Human Perspective (together with Lyle Campbell, Benjamins, 2006), Discourses in interaction (together with Marjut Johansson, Mia Raitaniemi and Sanna-Kaisa Tanskanen, Benjamins, 2010) and) and Subjects in constructions: canonical and non-canonical (together with Tuomas Huumo, Benjamins, 2015). She has co-edited a special issue on Discourse participants in interaction (together with Robert Englebretson, J of Pragmatics, 2014) and on Units in responsive turns (together with Elise Kärkkäinen and Tomoko Endo, J of Pragmatics, forthcoming in 2017).
Aki-JuhaniKyröläinen is currently a post-doctoral researcher in the Finnish Internet Parsebank project at the University of Turku. His main research interests center on distributional models of language with a focus on verbal structures. In his research he combines multiple methodologies ranging from corpus analysis to psycholinguistic experimentation.
Acknowledgments
We are grateful to the anonymous reviewers and the editor for their insightful comments. All remaining shortcomings in our article are, of course, our responsibility. We gratefully acknowledge the help of Milja Väänänen, Pilvi Mattila, and Jenny Niemelä who worked as research assistants for the project. Our research has been supported by grants from the Academy of Finland (“Subject expression in Finnish and other Finnic languages” and “The question of units in language and interaction”).
Appendix
Estimated coefficients of the initial mixed-effects logistic regression model with random intercepts for speaker (s2=0.229).
Coefficient | SE | Z | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Intercept | −2.1197 | 0.4408 | −4.8082 | <0.0001 |
Referential distance | −0.2875 | 0.1079 | −2.6656 | 0.0077 |
Turn length | −0.01 | 0.0272 | −0.3685 | 0.7125 |
Persistence: pronoun | 0.0775 | 0.2262 | 0.3428 | 0.7318 |
Persistence: zero | 2.2479 | 0.375 | 5.995 | <0.0001 |
Polarity: neg | 0.3118 | 0.2154 | 1.4471 | 0.1479 |
Verb type: motion | 0.7113 | 0.2525 | 2.8171 | 0.0048 |
Verb type: other | 0.3282 | 0.229 | 1.4331 | 0.1518 |
Clause type: intr | 0.8135 | 0.1802 | 4.5154 | <0.0001 |
Tense: prs | −0.3108 | 0.1902 | −1.6339 | 0.1023 |
Tense: prf | −0.4669 | 0.3449 | −1.3537 | 0.1758 |
Relative s-unit length | −0.8855 | 0.1282 | −6.9085 | <0.0001 |
Frequency (log) | −0.0177 | 0.0376 | −0.4704 | 06381 |
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