Abstract
Transporting mass products from one country to others is essential activities in industrial cycle. Ships are selected as reliable carriers for this objective considering traveling time and operational cost. During its operational, accidental events such as storm, high tide and bad weather may cause the products which are usually packed in freight containers fall into sea, and impacts the ship structure. In this situation, casualties on both involved structures can be detrimental. This work analyzes a series of ship-container collision in maritime territory in order to investigate resulting structural phenomena. The finite element approach is selected to solve the designed collision cases where the discussion is directed to selected crash-worthiness criteria. Impact speed between ship and container structures is chosen as the main parameter in the designed scenario by judging whether this parameter is a good representative of sea state. Overall results indicate that the indication for container rebounding after impact was high. It was followed by a significant increment of the internal energy after higher velocity, which was more than 5 m·s−1, had been applied to the scenario. Quantification of specific structural performance suggests that approximately more than 80% of the damage occurrs on the contacted area of the container structure.
References
[1] Seoane M.J.F., Laxe F.G., Montes C.P., Foreland determination for containership and general cargo ports in Europe (2007–2011), J. Transp. Geo., 2013, 30, 56-67. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2013.03.003]10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2013.03.003Search in Google Scholar
[2] Prabowo A.R., Bae D.M., Sohn J.M., Cao B., Energy behavior on side structure in event of ship collision subjected to external parameters, Heliyon, 2016, 2, e00192. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2016.e00192]10.1016/j.heliyon.2016.e00192Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
[3] Duru O., Clott C., Mileski J.P., U.S. tanker transport: Current structure and economic analysis, Res. Transp. Bus. Manag., 2017, 25, 39-50. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rtbm.2017.04.001]10.1016/j.rtbm.2017.04.001Search in Google Scholar
[4] Shin S.H., Ko D.E., A study on minimum weight design of vertical corrugated bulkheads for chemical tankers, Int. J. Naval Arc. Ocean Eng., 2018, 10, 180-187. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnaoe.2017.06.005]10.1016/j.ijnaoe.2017.06.005Search in Google Scholar
[5] Prabowo A.R., Sohn J.M., Nonlinear dynamic behaviors of outer shell and upper deck structures subjected to impact loading in maritime environment, Curved Layered Struct., 2019, 6, 146-160. [https://doi.org/10.1515/cls-2019-0012]10.1515/cls-2019-0012Search in Google Scholar
[6] Said G.A.E.N., Horbaty E.S.M.E., An optimization methodology for container handling using genetic algorithm, Procedia Comp. Sci, 2015, 65, 662-671. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2015.09.010]10.1016/j.procs.2015.09.010Search in Google Scholar
[7] Ku D., Arthanari T.S., Container relocation problem with time windows for container departure, European J. Op. Res., 2016, 252, 1031-1039. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2016.01.055]10.1016/j.ejor.2016.01.055Search in Google Scholar
[8] Meng Q., Weng J., Suyi L., Impact analysis of mega vessels on container terminal operations, Transp. Res. Procedia, 2017, 25, 187-204. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trpro.2017.05.389]10.1016/j.trpro.2017.05.389Search in Google Scholar
[9] Rødseth K.L., Wangsness P.B., Schøyen H., How do economies of density in container handling operations affect ships’ time and emissions in port? Evidence from Norwegian container terminals, Transp. Res. Part D: Transp. Environ., 2018, 59, 385-399. [ https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2017.12.015]10.1016/j.trd.2017.12.015Search in Google Scholar
[10] Júnior R.R., Yanasse H.H., Morabito R., Junqueira L., A hybrid approach for a multi-compartment container loading problem, Expert Sys. Appl., 2019, 137, 471-492. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2019.07.020]10.1016/j.eswa.2019.07.020Search in Google Scholar
[11] Hashimoto H., Kawamura K., Sueyoshi M., A numerical simulation method for transient behavior of damaged ships associated with flooding, Ocean Eng. 2017, 143, 282-294. [ https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2017.08.006]10.1016/j.oceaneng.2017.08.006Search in Google Scholar
[12] Wang Y., Liu X., Yu X., Zheng X., Assessing response capabilities for responding to ship-related oil spills in the Chinese Bohai Sea, Int. J. Disaster Risk Reduction, 2018, 28, 251-257. [ https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2018.02.040]10.1016/j.ijdrr.2018.02.040Search in Google Scholar
[13] Johannsdottir L., Cook D., Systemic risk of maritime-related oil spills viewed from an Arctic and insurance perspective, Ocean Coast. Manag., 2019, 179, 104853. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2019.104853]10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2019.104853Search in Google Scholar
[14] Minorsky V.U., An analysis of ship collisions with reference to protection of nuclear power plants, J. Ship Res., 1958, 3, 1-4. [-]Search in Google Scholar
[15] Prabowo A.R., Baek S.J., Cho H.J., Byeon J.H., Bae D.M., Cho J.H., Sohn J.M., Investigation on the structural damage of a double-hull ship, Part I – Ship collision, Procedia Struc. Int., 2017, 5, 935-942. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prostr.2017.07.126]10.1016/j.prostr.2017.07.126Search in Google Scholar
[16] Prabowo A.R., Byeon J.H., Cho H.J., Sohn J.M., Bae D.M., Bae S.Y., Zakki A.F., Cho J.H., Impact phenomena assessment: Part I – Structural performance of a tanker subjected to ship grounding at the Arctic, MATEC Web Conf., 2018, 159, 02061. [https://doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201815902061]10.1051/matecconf/201815902061Search in Google Scholar
[17] Prabowo A.R., Putranto T., Sohn J.M., Simulation of the behavior of a ship hull under grounding: Effect of applied element size on structural crashworthiness, J. Mar. Sci. Eng., 2019, 7, 270. [https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse7080270]10.3390/jmse7080270Search in Google Scholar
[18] Hapag-Lloyd, Container Specification, Hapag-Lloyd, 2006.Search in Google Scholar
[19] Allianz, Safety and Shipping Review 2019, Allianz Global Corporate ---amp--- Specialty, 2019.Search in Google Scholar
[20] Song M., Ma J., Huang Y., Fluid-structure interaction analysis of ship-ship collisions, Mar. Struc., 2017, 55, 121-136. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marstruc.2017.05.006]10.1016/j.marstruc.2017.05.006Search in Google Scholar
[21] Prabowo A.R., Muttaqie T., Sohn J.M., Bae D.M., Nonlinear analysis of inter-island RoRo under impact: effects of selected collision’s parameters on the crashworthy double-side structures, J. Brazilian Soc. Mech. Sci. Eng., 2018, 40, 248. [https://doi.org/10.1007/s40430-018-1169-6]10.1007/s40430-018-1169-6Search in Google Scholar
[22] AbuBakar A., Dow R.S., The impact analysis characteristics of a ship’s bow during collisions, Eng. Failure Analyis, 2019. 100, 492-511. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2019.02.050]10.1016/j.engfailanal.2019.02.050Search in Google Scholar
[23] Rigueiro C., Ribeiro J., Santiago A., Numerical assessment of the behaviour of a fixed offshore platform subjected to ship collision, Procedia Eng., 2017, 199, 2494-2499. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2017.09.415]10.1016/j.proeng.2017.09.415Search in Google Scholar
[24] Gholipour G., Zhang C., Gholipour M., Effects of axial load on nonlinear response of RC columns subjected to lateral impact load: Ship-pier collision, Eng. Failure Analysis, 2018, 91, 397-418. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2018.04.055]10.1016/j.engfailanal.2018.04.055Search in Google Scholar
[25] Sha Y., Amdahl J., Liu K., Design of steel bridge girders against ship forecastle collisions, Eng. Struc., 2019, 196, 109277. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2019.109277]10.1016/j.engstruct.2019.109277Search in Google Scholar
[26] Hussein A.W., Dessouky U.M.E., Kilania H.S.E., Hegazy E.H., Grounding contingency plan for intact double hull tanker, Alexandria Eng. J., 2016, 55, 235-241. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aej.2015.10.017]10.1016/j.aej.2015.10.017Search in Google Scholar
[27] Prabowo A.R., Sohn J.M., Bae D.M., Setiyawan A., Crashworthiness assessment of thin-walled bottom structures during powered-hard grounding accidents, Proceedings of the Int. Conf. Offshore Mech. Arctic Eng., 2018, V11BT12A039:OMAE2018-77492. [https://doi.org/10.1115/OMAE2018-77492]10.1115/OMAE2018-77492Search in Google Scholar
[28] Prabowo A.R., Bae D.M., Environmental risk of maritime territory subjected to accidental phenomena: Correlation of oil spill and ship grounding in the Exxon Valdez’s case, Res. Eng., 2019, 4, 100035. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rineng.2019.100035]10.1016/j.rineng.2019.100035Search in Google Scholar
[29] Prabowo A.R., Sohn J.M., Putranto T., Crashworthiness performance of stiffened bottom tank structure subjected to impact loading conditions: Ship-rock interaction, Curved Layered Struc., 2019, 6, 245-258. [https://doi.org/10.1515/cls-2019-0016]10.1515/cls-2019-0016Search in Google Scholar
[30] Prabowo A.R., Cahyono S.I., Sohn J.M., Crashworthiness assessment of thin-walled double bottom tanker: A variety of ship grounding incidents, Theo. App. Mech. Lett., 2019, 9, 320-327. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.taml.2019.05.002]10.1016/j.taml.2019.05.002Search in Google Scholar
[31] Ung S.T., Human error assessment of oil tanker grounding, Safety Sci., 2018, 104, 16-28. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2017.12.035]10.1016/j.ssci.2017.12.035Search in Google Scholar
[32] Prabowo A.R., Sohn J.M., Bae D.M., Zakki A.F., Harsritanto B.I.R., Investigating crashworthy single and double skin structures against accidental ship-to-ship interaction, Curved Layered Struc., 2017, 5, 180-189. [https://doi.org/10.1515/cls-2018-0013]10.1515/cls-2018-0013Search in Google Scholar
[33] Geraldi J.G., Kelley L.L., Kutsch E., The Titanic sunk, so what? Project manager response to unexpected events. Int. J. Proj. Manag., 2010, 28, 547-558. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2009.10.008]10.1016/j.ijproman.2009.10.008Search in Google Scholar
[34] Batten S.D., Allen R.J.S., Wotton C.O.M., The effects of the Sea Empress oil spill on the plankton of the Southern Irish Sea, Mar. Pollution Bulletin, 1998, 36, 764-774. [https://doi.org/10.1016/S0025-326X(98)00039-3]10.1016/S0025-326X(98)00039-3Search in Google Scholar
[35] Gill D.A., Ritchie L.A., Picou J.S., Sociocultural and psychosocial impacts of the Exxon Valdez oil spill: Twenty-four years of research in Cordova, Alaska, Extract. Indust. Soc., 2016, 3, 1105-1116. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exis.2016.09.004]10.1016/j.exis.2016.09.004Search in Google Scholar
[36] Carter P.L., The Halifax explosion a century later: Lessons for our time, Am. J. Surgery, 2018, 215, 772-774. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjsurg.2017.12.010]10.1016/j.amjsurg.2017.12.010Search in Google Scholar
[37] ANSYS, ANSYS User’s Guide, ANSYS Inc., 2019.Search in Google Scholar
[38] ISO, ISO 668: Series 1 freight containers - Classification, external dimensions and ratings, International Organization for Standardization, 2013.Search in Google Scholar
[39] Lehmann E., Peschmann J., Energy absorption by the steel structure of ships in the event of collisions, Mar. Struc., 2002, 15, 429-441. [https://doi.org/10.1016/S0951-8339(02)00011-4]10.1016/S0951-8339(02)00011-4Search in Google Scholar
[40] Ozguc O., Das P.K., Barltrop N., A comparative study on the structural integrity of single and double side skin bulk carriers under collision damage, Mar. Struc., 2005, 18:511-547. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marstruc.2006.01.004]10.1016/j.marstruc.2006.01.004Search in Google Scholar
[41] Haris S., Amdahl J., Analysis of ship–ship collision damage accounting for bow and side deformation interaction, Mar. Struc., 2013, 32, 18-48. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marstruc.2013.02.002]10.1016/j.marstruc.2013.02.002Search in Google Scholar
© 2020 Aditya Rio Prabowo et al., published by De Gruyter
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
