Abstract
Biomaterials play a significant role in revolutionizing human life in terms of implants and medical devices. These materials essentially need to be highly biocompatible and inert to the human physiological conditions. This paper provides an in-depth, critical and analytical review on the previous research work and studies conducted in the field of metals and alloys used as implant materials including stainless steel, titanium and its alloys, cobalt chromium and others. Since the manufacturing of medical implants relies on selected grades of biomaterials, metals play a significant role in biomaterials market. This paper focuses on highlighting some basic principles of manufacturing implant materials underlying composition, structure and properties of these materials. Finally, attention is also given to the role of these implant materials on the betterment of human life in terms of their failures by critically analysing these materials.
Funding source: YUTP-FRG Project Cost Centre
Funding source: National University of Sciences & Technology
About the authors
Dr. Sadaqat Ali obtained his BSc in mechanical engineering from UET, Peshawar, Pakistan, in 2007, his MSc from Malardalens University, Sweden, in 2011 and his PhD in mechanical engineering from Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Malaysia, in 2020. His current research includes advanced materials development via additive manufacturing and powder metallurgy for aerospace and biomedical applications. He is currently working as an assistant professor at SMME, National University of Sciences & Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan.
Dr. Ahmad Majdi Abdul Rani is currently an associate professor in Universiti Teknologi Petronas, Malaysia. He completed his PhD in mechanical and manufacturing from Loughborough University, UK. He obtained his MSc in industrial engineering and his BSc in manufacturing engineering from Northern Illinois University, USA. His area of expertise is in advanced manufacturing of biomedical implants, reverse engineering, CAD/CAM and PM-EDM. He has graduated nine PhD and six MSc candidates and has published numerous articles in high index journals.
Dr. Zeeshan Baig received his MSc engineering degree (metallurgy and materials) from U.E.T, Pakistan, in 2006. He received his PhD in mechanical engineering from Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS in 2019. His current research interests include advanced materials development via additive manufacturing for aerospace, automotive and biomedical applications. He authors various international scientific publications, including articles in journals and conference proceedings.
Dr. Ghulam Hussain is currently working as an associate professor at GIK Institute of Engineering Sciences & Technology, Pakistan. His research interests include advanced materials, advanced manufacturing, corrosion and sustainability. He is the author of numerous review and research articles. He is actively involved in research with renowned international universities. He has been listed as “National Productive Scientist” and selected as a Foreign Expert on Manufacturing in China and a Foreign Research Member of King Abdul–Aziz University.
Krishnan Subramaniam studied in Ipoh, Perak. He has post-graduate degrees (MSc and MEng) in mechanical engineering from Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS (UTP) and University Tunku Abdul Rahman (UTAR), Malaysia. He joined as a senior lecturer at Manipal International University in 2016 and obtained his PhD degree from Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS in 2017. He has proposed a new rehabilitation model for human beings using smart materials and done a lot of clinical studies in hospitals.
Author contribution: All the authors have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this submitted manuscript and approved submission.
Research funding: The authors would like to acknowledge YUTP-FRG project cost centre 015LC0-040 and School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering (SMME) and the National University of Sciences & Technology, Pakistan, for providing the resources and funding for this research work.
Conflict of interest statement: The authors declare no conflicts of interest regarding this article.
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