Abstract
This study seeks to understand the main factors predicting the future entrepreneurial attitude and intention of higher education students. To do so, a questionnaire was sent to a sample of 508 students at a higher education institution (HEI) in the central region of Portugal. From a structural equation model, the results show that students’ entrepreneurial attitude is influenced positively, and with statistical significance, by Entrepreneurial Benefits, Entrepreneurial Passion, Psychological Cognition Factors and Religion Beliefs. On the other hand, the factors/dimensions of Self-Confidence and Creativity are found not to have a statistically significant influence on the Entrepreneurial Attitude of the students studied. In turn, entrepreneurial attitude was a direct and mediated predictor of students’ entrepreneurial intention. The results of the study can explain the influence of important factors on students’ entrepreneurial attitude and intention, presenting relevant challenges for HEIs to develop and provide more courses and programmes aimed at entrepreneurship. Such initiatives are a way to motivate students to be future entrepreneurs, raising business development and growth in the economy in general, and the country in particular. This study also makes an important contribution to the literature on higher education students’ attitude towards entrepreneurship and its influence on their future entrepreneurial intention. People with a strong entrepreneurial attitude and intention are needed to allow development, growth and innovation in the business sector. These actions can motivate students to be future entrepreneurs raising the business development and growth of the economy in general.
Acknowledgments
The authors are grateful to the anonymous referees of the journal for their extremely useful suggestions to improve the quality of the paper. Usual disclaimers apply. The authors gratefully acknowledge financial support from National Funds of the FCT – Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology within the project «UIDB/04007/2020».
| Indicate your level of agreement with the following statements, classifying them between 1 (total disagreement) and 7 (total agreement) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Entrepreneurship Benefits (EBEN) | |||
| 1 | Being an entrepreneur would imply a very high degree of autonomy (independence). | EBEN1 | Douglas and Shepherd (2000) |
| 2 | The level of stress involved in being an entrepreneur would not be too great for me. | EBEN2 | |
| 3 | The financial return I would get from becoming an entrepreneur would be high. | EBEN3 | |
| 4 | The personal satisfaction of being an entrepreneur would be very high. | EBEN4 | |
| 5 | The quality of life that I would get when I became an entrepreneur would be very high. | EBEN5 | |
| 6 | I will be an entrepreneur because I like to face challenges. | EBEN6 | |
| 7 | I will create jobs for other people. | EBEN7 | |
| Self Confidence (SCON): | |||
| 1 | Other people usually act according to my wishes and that depends mainly on me. | SCON1 | Miranda, Chamorro-Mera, and Rubio (2017) |
| 2 | Whether or not a goal is reached depends mainly on me and my behavior | SCON2 | |
| 3 | When I make plans, I am sure they will come to fruition | SCON3 | |
| 4 | I can determine most of what will happen in my life | SCON4 | |
| Psychological Cognition Factors (PCOG) | |||
| 1 | Feels self-confident in personal abilities | PCOG1 | Gaglio and Katz (2001), Marques et al. (2011), Raposo et al. (2008), Ward (2004), Zampetakis (2008) |
| 2 | Faces difficulties in a lively and optimistic way | PCOG2 | |
| 3 | Likes to take the initiative in complex or delicate situations | PCOG3 | |
| 4 | Is curious to know new themes or different ways of acting | PCOG4 | |
| 5 | Feel stimulated in the face of new challenges | PCOG5 | |
| 6 | Has a willingness to take risks | PCOG6 | |
| 7 | Take the time to do a job well or carry out a project | PCOG7 | |
| 8 | Considered a persevering person | PCOG8 | |
| 9 | The identification of new business opportunities determined your business idea | PCOG9 | |
| Entrepreneurial Passion (EPAS) | |||
| 1 | Owning your own company would be energizing. | EPAS1 | Donaldson (2019), Stenholm and Nielsen (2019) |
| 2 | Developing a new business through your initial success will be enjoyable. | EPAS2 | |
| 3 | Establishing a new firm would be exciting. | EPAS3 | |
| 4 | Becoming a business founder is an important part of who I want to be. | EPAS4 | |
| Creativity (CREA) | |||
| 1 | I often find creative solutions to problems | CREA1 | Zampetakis, Gotsi, Andriopoulos, and Moustakis (2011), Zampetakis and Moustakis (2006) |
| 2 | I’m good at providing a new approach to problems | CREA2 | |
| 3 | I often suggest new and practical ideals. | CREA3 | |
| 4 | I usually have new and innovative ideas. | CREA4 | |
| 5 | I am good at generating creative ideals | CREA5 | |
| 6 | I often promote and defend my ideas to others | CREA6 | |
| 7 | I often find creative solutions to problems | CREA7 | |
| Religious Beliefs (RBEL) | |||
| 1 | My faith influenced my professional choice. | RBEL1 | da Silva Sousa et al. (2019), Rietveld and Van Burg (2014), Razak et al. (2019) |
| 2 | I see my professional choice as a divine vocation. | RBEL2 | |
| 3 | My work as a vocation will make people love God. | RBEL3 | |
| 4 | In my work, I will be guided by the tasks that God gives me. | RBEL4 | |
| 5 | I am willing to start my own business because it will please God. | RBEL5 | |
| 6 | My economic activity has a positive influence on society. | RBEL6 | |
| 7 | I realize how useful my religious beliefs are to society, through my work/life. | RBEL7 | |
| 8 | It is always beneficial to do business fearing God. | RBEL8 | |
| Entrepreneurial Attitude (EATT) | |||
| 1 | Being an entrepreneur implies more advantages than disadvantages to me | EATT1 | Liñán and Chen (2009), Tsordia and Papadimitriou (2015), Morianoet al. (2012) |
| 2 | Being an entrepreneur is attractive and important to me. | EATT2 | |
| 3 | If I had the opportunity and resources, I would love to start a business | EATT3 | |
| 4 | Being an entrepreneur would give me great satisfaction | EATT4 | |
| 5 | Among various options, I would rather be an entrepreneur | EATT5 | |
| Entrepreneurial Intention (EINT) | |||
| 1 | I am ready to do anything to be an entrepreneur | EINT1 | Liñán and Chen (2009), Moriano et al. (2012) |
| 2 | My professional goal is to becomean entrepreneur | EINT2 | |
| 3 | I will make every effort to start and run my own firm | EINT3 | |
| 4 | I have very seriously thought about starting a firm | EINT4 | |
| 5 | I have the intention of one day creating a firm | EINT5 | |
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