Abstract
Demand response (DR) programs have become powerful tools of the smart grids, which provide opportunities for the end-use consumers to participate actively in the energy management programs. This paper investigates impact of different DR strategies in a home-energy management system having consumer with regular load, electric vehicle (EV) and battery-energy storage system (BESS) in the home. The EV is considered as a special type of load, which can also work as an electricity generation source by discharging the power in vehicle-to-home mode during high price time. BESS and a small renewable energy source in form of rooftop photovoltaic panels give a significant contribution in the energy management of the system. As the main contribution to the literature, a mixed integer linear programming based model of home energy management system is formulated to minimize the daily cost of electricity consumption under the effect of different DR programs; such as real time price based DR program, incentive based DR program and peak power limiting DR program. Finally, total electricity prices are analysed in the case studies by including different preferences of the household consumer under mentioned DR programs. A total of 26.93 % electricity cost reduction is noticed with respect to base case, without peak limiting DR and 19.93 % electricity cost reduction is noticed with respect to base case, with peak limiting DR.
Parameters
| Household power demand (kW) | Time at which the EV should be fully charged | ||
| Power generated by the PV (kW) | Time at which the EV should be fully discharged | ||
| Maximum load reduction proposed by the consumer at hour h, under IB-DR (kW) | Charging efficiency of the BESS | ||
| Charging efficiency of the EV | Discharging efficiency of the BESS | ||
| Discharging efficiency of the EV | Charging rate of the BESS | ||
| Charging rate of the EV | Discharging rate of the BESS | ||
| Discharging rate of the EV | Initial state of energy of the BESS (kWh) | ||
| Initial state of energy of the EV (kWh) | Maximum allowed state of energy of the BESS (kWh) | ||
| Maximum allowed state of energy of the EV (kWh) | Minimum allowed state of energy of the BESS (kWh) | ||
| Minimum allowed state of energy of the EV (kWh) | Maximum allowed power to draw from the grid (kW) | ||
| Arrival hour of the EV at home | Real time price at which energy is bought from the grid (cents/kWh) | ||
| Departure hour of the EV from home | Incentive rate for DR (cents/kWh) | ||
| Variables | |||
| Charging power of the EV (kW) | State of energy of the BESS (kWh) | ||
| Discharging power of the EV (kW) | Power bought from the grid (kW) | ||
| EV power that is used for the household load (kW) | PV power that is used for the household load (kW) | ||
| State of energy of the EV (kWh) | Power available for incentive based demand response (kW) | ||
| Charging power of the BESS (kW) | Binary variable: 1 if EV charging during period h, 0 otherwise | ||
| Discharging power of the BESS (kW) | Binary variable: 1 if BESS charging during period h, 0 otherwise | ||
| BESS power that is used for the household load (kW) | |||
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