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An Aramaic Incantation Bowl and the Fall of Hatra

  • Enrico Marcato ORCID logo EMAIL logo

Abstract

The present paper offers an analysis of certain Northern Mesopotamian demons attested on an Aramaic incantation bowl in square script. This object displays at its centre a list of evil entities drawn from a Mandaic forerunner, some of which are paralleled in the epigraphic corpus of Hatra and nearby sites. The analysis explores whether this may provide new evidence regarding the fate of Hatra’s inhabitants and cults in the aftermath of the fall of the city in 240/1 AD; the suggested scenario is that some Hatrenes could have been deported to Babylonia, where they encountered the Mandaean culture in its early phases and acquainted it with a part of their pantheon.


Corresponding author: Enrico Marcato, Independent Researcher, Venice, Italy, E-mail:

Acknowledgments

The present article draws upon parts of my PhD dissertation Nanaya ʻil reʼ e il bramoso Nergal: divinità assire e babilonesi nelle fonti aramaiche della Mesopotamia arsacide e sasanide (Nanaya ʻthe Kingʼ and the yearning Nergal: Assyrian and Babylonian deities in Aramaic sources from Arsacid and Sasanian Mesopotamia), defended at Ca’ Foscari University of Venice on Apr 3, 2019 (supervisor: Prof. Lucio Milano). The bowl BM 1957-9-25.1 was collated at the British Museum in March 2018; I am grateful to the Department of the Middle East and to its staff for allowing me to study this bowl and for greatly facilitating my stay. A preliminary version of this paper was presented at the Annual Meeting of Postgraduates in Ancient History (AMPAH), held at the University of London on Mar 17, 2018 and organized by the Department of History, Classics and Archaeology at Birkbeck College in partnership with the UCL Department of History. Thanks are due to the Organisational Committee and the audience for their feedback upon many issues. It is my pleasure to thank also Dr Enrico Foietta (University of Turin), PD Dr Christa Müller-Kessler (Friedrich-Schiller Universität Jena), and Dr Ilaria Bucci (Birkbeck College, University of London) for their feedback upon specific aspects of this work. This paper greatly benefited also from the comments of two anonymous reviewers. Last but not least, Emily Zeran (Friedrich-Schiller Universität Jena) kindly corrected my English. Any inaccuracies or errors are entirely my responsibility.

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