Abstract
Now a day all the telecommunication industries are using fibers for faster data communication and long distance communication. Fibers use light as the information and it is carried over long distances. Optical fiber has large advantages over a copper and co-axial cable because of its lower attenuation and interference. Optical time domain reflectometer (OTDR) is also one of the important devices using in telecommunication industries to characterize an optical fiber. This article deals with the study of long distance backbone single mode fiber and their features are discussed with the use of an OTDR. The results of this article focused on the losses and breaks of the fiber with the events. The Single mode OTDR is used to find the events, losses and breaks of the backbone fiber between the two locations. This work will give a way to study the nature of optical fibers and understand the practical application of optical fiber communication.
References
1. Kazovsky L, Benedetto S, Willner E. Optical fiber communication systems. London: Artech House, 1996.Search in Google Scholar
2. Arumugam M. Optical fiber communication—an overview pramana journal of physics. Springer. 2001;5:849–69.Search in Google Scholar
3. Bell’s AG. Photophone was an invention ahead of its time. Thoughtco. https://www.thoughtco.com/alexander-graham-bells-photophone–992318.2017.Search in Google Scholar
4. Jacobs I. Optical fiber communication technology and system overview. In: Soares OD, editor. Trends in optical fibre metrology and standards, NATO ASI series (series E: applied sciences). Dordrecht: Springer, 1995:285 DOI:https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-0035-9_29.Search in Google Scholar
5. Mario F. Optical fibers. In: Nonlinear effects in optical fibers. Canada: Wiley Telecom, 2011:1–334. DOI:10.1002/9781118003398.ch3.Search in Google Scholar
6. Agrawal G. Fiber-optic communication systems. Canada: John Wiley & Sons, 2012:222.Search in Google Scholar
7. Cavendish D. Evolution of optical transport technologies: from SONET/SDH to WDM. IEEE Commun Mag. 2000;38:164–72.10.1109/35.846090Search in Google Scholar
8. Ichino M. 2005. Small form factor pluggable optical transceiver module with extremely low power consumption for dense wavelength division multiplexing applications. Proceedings Electronic Components and Technology ECTC05. IEEE. DOI: 10.1109/ECTC.2005.1441400.Search in Google Scholar
9. Desurvire E. Erbium-doped fiber amplifiers: principles and applications. New York: Wiley-Interscience, 2002.Search in Google Scholar
10. Bellcore. 1986. Digital fiber optic systems requirements and objectives technical advisory. TA-TSY-000038, 3.Search in Google Scholar
11. Bell Labs breaks optical transmission record. 100 Petabit per second kilometer barrier. PHYS. https://phys.org/news/2009-09-bell-labs-optical-transmission-petabit.html. 2009.Search in Google Scholar
12. King J. Development of a coherent OTDR instrument. J Lightwave Technol IEEE. 1987;5:616–24.10.1109/JLT.1987.1075523Search in Google Scholar
© 2018 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston
