Abstract
In this study, we propose a simple direct meshless scheme based on the Gaussian radial basis function for the one-dimensional linear and nonlinear convection–diffusion problems, which frequently occur in physical phenomena. This is fulfilled by constructing a simple ‘anisotropic’ space–time Gaussian radial basis function. According to the proposed scheme, there is no need to remove time-dependent variables during the whole solution process, which leads it to a really meshless method. The suggested meshless method is implemented to the challenging convection–diffusion problems in a direct way with ease. Numerical results show that the proposed meshless method is simple, accurate, stable, easy-to-program and efficient for both linear and nonlinear convection–diffusion equation with different values of Péclet number. To assess the accuracy absolute error, average absolute error and root-mean-square error are used.
1 Introduction
The convection–diffusion, advection–diffusion, or drift-diffusion equations have been playing a significant role in many engineering applications. The energy can be transformed inside a physical system due to the convection and diffusion processes to describe physical phenomena.
For a large variety of problems in every subjects, it is almost impossible to get the analytical solutions for changing in time and transport processes [23,24]. Numerical approximations are alternative to the analytical solutions for convection–diffusion equations. In literatures, there are several numerical techniques for solving the convection–diffusion equations [33,41]. These numerical techniques are based on the finite-difference approximations [25,32], integral transform methods [28,29], Monte Carlo simulation [4,5], variational iteration methods [6,7, 8,9,10], and meshless method using radial basis functions [11, 12,13,14, 15,16,17, 18,19,20].
The behavior of high-order time-stepping methods combined with mesh-free methods is studied for the transient convection–diffusion equation [31]. A Petrov–Galerkin method and Green’s functions are used to solve convection–diffusion problems [21]. A new approach to construct a stable RKPM method for convection-dominated problems is presented in ref. [30]. The space–time least-squares finite element methods are constructed for the advection–diffusion equation by using both linear shape functions and quadratic B-spline shape functions [22]. The particle transport method is developed for solving linear convection problems [44]. Several literatures focus on the investigation of different splines as interpolating function for solving one-dimensional advection–diffusion equations [34,37]. These literatures focus on the one-dimensional convection–diffusion–reaction equations with constant diffusion coefficient. Recently, a high-accuracy adaptive difference strategy is investigated by Zhu and Rui [47] on 1D convection–diffusion–reaction equation with convection item. It can explain the quenching phenomena of nonlinear singular degenerate problems. Pourgholi et al. [43] proposed a meshless method using radial basis functions method based on the finite-difference method to solve a nonlinear inverse convection–reaction–diffusion problem with an unknown source function. These numerical techniques are based on two-level finite difference approximations.
It is well-known that the radial basis function methods are attractive in numerical simulation due to their simple, flexible, and truly meshfree features. In this study, we propose a direct meshless method with one-level approximation, based on the radial basis functions, for the one-dimensional linear and nonlinear convection–diffusion problems. This is fulfilled by considering the time variable as a normal space variable. There is no need to remove the time-dependent variable during the whole solution process. Under this scheme, we can solve the convection–diffusion problems in a direct way.
The structure of this paper is organized as follows. Followed by Section 2, we introduce the formulation of the direct radial basis function (DMM) with space–time distance. Section 3 presents the methodology for convection–diffusion problems under initial conditions and boundary conditions. Section 4 examines several linear with different Péclet numbers and nonlinear problems. Several numerical examples are presented to validate the accuracy and stability of the proposed algorithm for one-dimensional linear and nonlinear convection–diffusion problems. Some conclusions are given in Section 5 with some additional remarks.
2 Formulation of the direct radial basis function
To describe the interaction between convection effects and diffusion transports, we can get the general mathematical formulation of convection–diffusion–reaction problem
where
and boundary conditions
For traditional numerical techniques, equation (1) should be discretized using the finite difference method or integral transform method, which leads to a steady-state equation. Then, the other numerical techniques can be used to get the numerical solutions. This provides a two-level procedure. To obtain a one-level procedure, we propose a direct collocation scheme by using the Gaussian radial basis function (GRBF).
For direct RBF-based collocation methods, the approximate solution can be written as a linear combination of RBFs for the approximation space under consideration for 2D or more higher-dimensional problems. We take the following GRBF for 2D problems as an example ref. [27]
where
However, there is only one space variable
This can be easily extended to two-dimensional or high-dimensional cases.
In the literature, there is a product model of a space–time radial basis function [42], which was introduced by Myers et al. [39,40],
The other types of definitions of radial or non radial space–time radial basis functions can be found in ref. [35,36].
3 Methodology for DMM
Based on the definition of space–time radial basis functions, the above-mentioned equations (1)–(3) can be solved directly in a one-level approximation. Thus, the approximate solution of the function
To seek for the unknown coefficients
with
where
is
is
4 Numerical experiments
To compare with the previous literatures, we consider using the absolute error, root-mean-square error (RMSE) [45,46], and average absolute error (AAE) defined as follows:
where
In the first two examples, we consider two linear cases with governing equation
4.1 Linear example 1
This example considers the following initial condition
and boundary conditions
The corresponding analytical solution is given by
and
For fair comparison, the dimensionless Péclet number is defined as
t |
|
|
|
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|
AAE | |
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0.1 | TPS | 0.0834 | 0.0451 | 0.0244 | 0.0132 | 0.0069 | 0.0000 |
FD | 0.0836 | 0.0454 | 0.0244 | 0.0133 | 0.0073 | 0.0001 | |
CS | 0.0848 | 0.0452 | 0.0244 | 0.0132 | 0.0077 | 0.0003 | |
DMM | 0.0833 | 0.0451 | 0.0244 | 0.0132 | 0.0072 |
|
|
0.5 | TPS | 0.1376 | 0.0744 | 0.0402 | 0.0216 | 0.0113 | 0.0001 |
FD | 0.1384 | 0.0757 | 0.0413 | 0.0225 | 0.0123 | 0.0008 | |
CS | 0.1407 | 0.0757 | 0.0407 | 0.0223 | 0.0131 | 0.0010 | |
DMM | 0.1374 | 0.0744 | 0.0402 | 0.0218 | 0.0118 |
|
|
1 | TPS | 0.2570 | 0.1390 | 0.0751 | 0.0404 | 0.0211 | 0.0002 |
FD | 0.2587 | 0.1420 | 0.0778 | 0.0425 | 0.0232 | 0.0018 | |
CS | 0.2631 | 0.1420 | 0.0768 | 0.0421 | 0.0246 | 0.0023 | |
DMM | 0.2568 | 0.1389 | 0.0752 | 0.0407 | 0.0220 |
|
t |
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|
|
AAE | |
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0.1 | TPS | 0.1001 | 0.0782 | 0.0611 | 0.0478 | 0.0373 | 0.0000 |
FD | 0.1006 | 0.0788 | 0.0616 | 0.0481 | 0.0469 | 0.0013 | |
CS | 0.1005 | 0.0782 | 0.0611 | 0.0477 | 0.0372 | 0.0001 | |
DMM | 0.1000 | 0.0779 | 0.0607 | 0.0473 | 0.0368 |
|
|
0.5 | TPS | 0.1650 | 0.1289 | 0.1007 | 0.0787 | 0.0615 | 0.0001 |
FD | 0.1663 | 0.1316 | 0.1038 | 0.0817 | 0.0858 | 0.0042 | |
CS | 0.1661 | 0.1297 | 0.1011 | 0.0787 | 0.0613 | 0.0004 | |
DMM | 0.1649 | 0.1285 | 0.1001 | 0.0780 | 0.0607 |
|
|
1 | TPS | 0.3083 | 0.2409 | 0.1882 | 0.1470 | 0.1149 | 0.0001 |
FD | 0.3106 | 0.2460 | 0.1948 | 0.1545 | 0.1626 | 0.0087 | |
CS | 0.3102 | 0.2424 | 0.1893 | 0.1478 | 0.1152 | 0.0009 | |
DMM | 0.3081 | 0.2100 | 0.1870 | 0.1457 | 0.1135 |
|
As is known to all, when the Péclet number is low, the diffusion term dominates. In order to compare the DMM with the cubic
Pe |
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FD | 1/16 |
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1/32 |
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1/64 |
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1/128 |
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DMM | 1/16 |
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4.2 Linear example 2
Once the Péclet number increases, i.e., the convection term completely dominates over the diffusion term. In order to investigate problems with the far higher Péclet numbers, we compare the DMM results with the compact finite-difference approximation of fourth-order and the cubic
We consider the convection–diffusion equation (1) with the following initial condition:
and boundary conditions
The analytical solution is given by
For a fair comparison, we use the definition of dimensionless Péclet number
Pe | DMM | FD | DMM | FD | DMM | FD |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
x | 1,000 | 1,000 | 10,000 | 10,000 | 20,000 | 20,000 |
0.25 |
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0.50 |
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0.75 |
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1.00 |
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0 |
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1.25 |
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1.50 |
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1.75 |
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4.3 Nonlinear example 3
In this example, we consider a typical nonlinear convection–diffusion equation
with the exact solution
to measure the performance of the DMM by comparing with the method in ref. [47]. The source term
We note that for smaller values of
|
DMM | Uniform | Non-uniform |
---|---|---|---|
8 |
|
— | — |
16 |
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— | — |
32 |
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— | — |
64 |
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128 | — |
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256 | — |
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For
5 Conclusions
In this study, a new direct meshless scheme is proposed for the one-dimensional linear and nonlinear convection–diffusion problems. The present numerical procedure, in which the time variable is considered as normal space variable, is based on the Gaussian radial basis function. There is no need to remove time-dependent variable during the whole solution process. Numerical results for several typical examples show that the proposed method is better than some other numerical methods given in the recent literature in terms of solution accuracy, stability and efficiency for the linear convection–diffusion equation with different values of Péclet number. These results lead us that the proposed method can successfully be used to nonlinear problems with accurate numerical results.
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Anhui Province (Project No. 1908085QA09) and the University Natural Science Research Project of Anhui Province (Project No. KJ2019A0591 & KJ2020B06).
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Conflict of interest: The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.
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Data availability statement: The data used to support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon request.
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