Abstract
Rice bran oil (RBO) is an excellent cooking and salad oil due to its high smoke point and delicate flavor. The nutritional qualities and health effects of RBO are also established. The content of phospholipids in crude RBO is a major problem during processing of the oil in various food applications. It has been reported that water degumming process is suitable for the removal of hydratable phospholipids (HPL). Nonhydratable phospholipids (NHPL) can be removed only during acid degumming or enzymatic degumming processes. Rapid equilibrium extraction has been found suitable for reducing the phospholipid content of RBO. Many researchers have found the efficiency of water, acid, and enzymatic degumming of RBO. New techniques of degumming for RBO have also been established using ultrafiltration and nanofiltration membranes. The presented techniques are individually significant based on phospholipids efficiency. Hence, the present paper reviews the prevailing techniques of RBO degumming.
About the authors
Garima Sengar, Master in Food Technology, is presently working as a research scholar under the supervision of Dr. Harish Kumar Sharma (Professor, Food Engineering and Technology Department, and Dean, Research and Consultancy, SLIET, Longowal, Punjab, India). Her research is in the field of confectionery. She has studied changes in physicochemical characteristics of blended fats after storage at different environmental conditions and the study has generated data of industrial importance. She has presented her work in many international and national conferences and seminars and has been appreciated for the same. Her previous review article, “Food Caramels: A Review,” was published in Journal of Food Science and Technology. She has also communicated research papers that have good content of confectionary processing and preservation. She has 1 year of teaching experience.
Er. Pragati Kaushal, Master (M. Tech) in Food Engineering and Technology, is presently working as an assistant professor at the Food Engineering and Technology Department, SLIET, Longowal, Punjab, India. She is a gold medalist in M. Tech. Her research is in the field of taro (Colocasia). She has studied the physicochemical, functional, antinutritional, and sensory evaluation of taro, rice, and pigeon pea flour-based noodles and the study has generated data of industrial importance. Her research work was highly appreciated, and three research articles and one review article were published in international journals such as LWT, International Journal of Food Properties, and Journal of Food Science and Technology. She is associated with various professional societies. She has presented her work in many international and national conferences and seminars and has been appreciated for the same. She has >2 years of teaching experience.
Harish Kumar Sharma, PhD from UDCT, Mumbai, is presently working as a professor at the Food Engineering and Technology Department, SLIET, Longowal, Punjab, India. He is working as a Dean (Research and Consultancy) and Chief Vigilance Officer at SLIET, Longowal, Punjab, India. He has published and presented >100 research papers in various international and national journals and conferences and has authored six books. He is a member of various professional bodies: Member, Research Board of Advisors of American Biographical Institute, Raleigh, NC, USA; Member, Editorial Board of J. Industrial Pollution Control Board; Referee, Journal of Food Science and Technology, Mysore; Life Member, Association of Food Scientists and Technologists (I), Mysore; Life Member, Association of Carbohydrate Chemists & Technologists, India; Life Member, Institution of Engineers (India); and Life Member, Punjab Science Congress, Member of Indian Society For Technical Education. He has guided a number of M. Tech, B. Tech, and Ph.D. students. He has >15 years of teaching experience.
Er. Mandeep Kaur is presently working as an assistant professor at Amity Institute of Technology, Amity University, Noida (UP), India. She obtained her bachelor’s and master’s degrees in Food Engineering and Technology from SLIET (Deemed University) and is associated with the various professional societies. She has published a number of research papers and two chapters in the books of international repute.
References
Adhikari S, Adhikari J. Indian rice bran lecithin. J Am Oil Chem Soc 1986; 63: 1367–1369.10.1007/BF02679604Search in Google Scholar
Amarasinghe BMWPK, Kumarasiri MPM, Gangodavilage NC. Effect of method of stabilization on aqueous extraction of rice bran oil. Food Bioproducts Process 2009; 87: 108–114.10.1016/j.fbp.2008.08.002Search in Google Scholar
Andersen AJC. Refining of fats and oils for edible purposes, 2nd ed. Williams PW, ed. Oxford: Pergamon, 1962: 40.Search in Google Scholar
Balachandran C, Mayamol PN, Thomas S, Sukumar D, Sundaresan A, Arumughan C. An ecofriendly approach to process rice bran for high quality rice bran oil using supercritical carbon dioxide for nutraceutical applications. Bioresour Technol 2008; 99: 2905–2912.10.1016/j.biortech.2007.06.004Search in Google Scholar
Bernardini E. Vegetable oils and fats processing. Vol. 2, 2nd ed. B.E. Oil Publishing House Rome, 1985.Search in Google Scholar
Bhattacharya AC, Bhattacharya DK. Degumming of rice bran oil. J Oil Technol Assoc India 1985; 17: 27–30.Search in Google Scholar
Bhattacharyya DK, Chakraborty MM, Vaidyanathan RS, Bhattacharyya AC. A critical study of refining of rice bran oil. J Am Oil Chem Soc 1983; 60: 467–480.10.1007/BF02543545Search in Google Scholar
Ceriani R, Meirelles AJA. Simulation of continuous physical refiners for edible oil deacidification. J Food Eng 2006; 76: 261–271.10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2005.05.026Search in Google Scholar
Chakrabarti PP, Rao BVSK. Process for the pre-treatment of vegetable oils for physical refining. US Patent 005,399, 2004.Search in Google Scholar
Chen C-R, Wang C-H, Wang L-Y, Hong Z-H, Chen S-H, Ho W-J, Chang C-MJ. Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction and deacidification of rice bran oil. J Supercritical Fluids 2008; 45: 322–331.10.1016/j.supflu.2008.01.006Search in Google Scholar
Clausen K. Enzymatic oil – degumming by a novel microbial phospholipase. Eur J Lipid Sci Technol 2001; 103: 333–340.10.1002/1438-9312(200106)103:6<333::AID-EJLT333>3.0.CO;2-FSearch in Google Scholar
Cleenewerk B, Dijkstra AJ. The total degumming process – theory and industrial application in refining and hydrogenation. Eur J Lipid Sci Technol 1992; 94: 317–322.10.1002/lipi.19920940809Search in Google Scholar
Copeland D, Belcher MW. W. Int. Cl. C11B3/00. US Patent 6,844,458, 2005.Search in Google Scholar
Coutinho CdM, Chiu MC, Basso RC, Ribeiro APB, Gonçalves LAG, Viotto LA. State of art of the application of membrane technology to vegetable oils: a review. Food Res Int 2009; 42: 536–550.10.1016/j.foodres.2009.02.010Search in Google Scholar
Dahlke K. An enzymatic process for the physical refining of seed oils. Chem Eng Technol 1998; 21: 278–281.10.1002/(SICI)1521-4125(199803)21:3<278::AID-CEAT278>3.0.CO;2-9Search in Google Scholar
Danielski L, Zetzl C, Hense H, Brunner G. A process line for the production of raffinated rice oil from rice bran. J Supercritical Fluids 2005; 34: 133–141.10.1016/j.supflu.2004.11.006Search in Google Scholar
Dayton CLG, Kerry SP, Thomas BL. Process for improving enzymatic degumming of vegetable oils and reducing fouling of downstream processing equipment. Bunge Oil, Inc.: Assignee. US Patent 7,713,727, 2010.Search in Google Scholar
De BK, Bhattacharyya DK. Physical refining of rice bran oil in relation to degumming and dewaxing. J Am Oil Chem Soc 1998; 75: 1683–1686.10.1007/s11746-998-0112-xSearch in Google Scholar
De BK, Patel JD. Effect of different degumming processes and some nontraditional neutralizing agent on refining of RBO. J Oleo Sci 2010; 59: 121–125.10.5650/jos.59.121Search in Google Scholar
Dijkstra AJ, Opstal MV. The total degumming process (TOP). In: Erickson DR, editor. Proceedings of World Conference on Edible Fats and Oils Processing. Champaign: AOCS Press, 1989: 176–177.Search in Google Scholar
Gibon V, Tirtiaux A. Removal of gums and waxes – a review. Inform 2000; 11: 524–535.Search in Google Scholar
Gopala KAG. Influence of viscosity on wax settling and refining loss in rice bran oil. J Am Oil Chem Soc 1993; 70: 895–898.10.1007/BF02545350Search in Google Scholar
Hafidi A, Pioch D, Ajana H. Membrane-based simultaneous degumming and deacidification of vegetable oils. Innov Food Sci Emerg Technol 2005; 6: 203–212.10.1016/j.ifset.2004.12.001Search in Google Scholar
Hsu S-H, Lin Y-F, Chung T-W, Wei T-Y, Lu S-Y, Tung K-L, Liu K-T. Mesoporous carbon aerogel membrane for phospholipid removal from Jatropha curcas oil. Sep Purif Technol 2013; 109: 129–134.10.1016/j.seppur.2013.03.005Search in Google Scholar
Hvolby A. Removal of nonhydratable phospholipids from soybean oil. J Am Oil Chem Soc 1971; 48: 503–509.10.1007/BF02544671Search in Google Scholar
Indira TN, Hemavathy J, Khatoon S, Gopala Krishna AG, Bhattacharya S. Water degumming of rice bran oil: a response surface approach. J Food Eng 2000; 43: 83–90.10.1016/S0260-8774(99)00135-1Search in Google Scholar
Iwama A, Kazuse Y. Process for the purification of crude glyceride oil compositions. Nitto Electric Industrial Co., Ltd.: Assignee. US Patent 4,414,157, 1983.Search in Google Scholar
Jahani M, Alizadeh M, Pirozifard M, Qudsevali A. Optimization of enzymatic degumming process for rice bran oil using response surface methodology. LWT-Food Sci Technol 2008; 41: 1892–1898.10.1016/j.lwt.2007.12.007Search in Google Scholar
Jesus SP, Grimaldi R, Hense H. Recovery of γ-oryzanol from rice bran oil byproduct using supercritical fluid extraction. J Supercritical Fluids 2010; 55: 149–155.10.1016/j.supflu.2010.08.004Search in Google Scholar
Kaimal TNB, Ongole R. Process for preparation of low phosphorous rice bran oil. JP309282, 2002.Search in Google Scholar
Kaimal TNB, Vali SR, Rao BVSK, Turaga V, Rao C, Bhaerao UT. A process for the preparation of purified rice bran oil by simultaneous dewaxing and degumming. INP 183,639, 2000.Search in Google Scholar
Kasim NS, Chen H, Ju Y-H. Recovery of γ-oryzanol from biodiesel residue. J Chin Inst Chem Eng 2007; 38: 229–234.10.1016/j.jcice.2007.02.002Search in Google Scholar
Kim IC, Kim JH, Lee KH, Tak TM. Phospholipids separation (degumming) from crude vegetable oil by polyimide ultrafiltration membrane. J Membr Sci 2002; 205: 113–123.10.1016/S0376-7388(02)00070-4Search in Google Scholar
Kitts D. Toxicity and safety of fats and oils, Bailey’s industrial oil and fat product. Vol. 1. New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1996: 215–280.Search in Google Scholar
LaMonica DA. Membrane technology for edible oil refining. Rochem Separation Systems, Inc., Assignee. US Patent 5,310,487, 1994.Search in Google Scholar
LaMonica DA. Method of refining oil. Rochem Separation Systems, Inc., Assignee. US Patent 5,545,329, 1996.Search in Google Scholar
Lin L, Rhu K, Koseoglu SS. Bench scale membrane degumming of crude vegetable oil: process optimization. J Membr Sci 1997; 134: 101–108.10.1016/S0376-7388(97)00098-7Search in Google Scholar
Liselott NJ, Ulla B, Haraldsson G. Experience of prerefining of vegetable oils with acids. Fat Sci Technol 1988; 90: 447–451.Search in Google Scholar
List GR, Avellaneda JM, Mounts TL. Effect of degumming conditions on removal and quality of soybean lecithin. J Am Oil Chem Soc 1981; 58: 892–898.10.1007/BF02659653Search in Google Scholar
Liu K-T, Gao S, Chung T-W, Huang C-M, Lin Y-S. Effect of process conditions on the removal of phospholipids from Jatropha curcas oil during the degumming process. Chem Eng Res Des 2012; 90: 1381–1386.10.1016/j.cherd.2012.01.002Search in Google Scholar
Liu M, Yang F, Shi H, Akoh CC, Yu LL. Preparative separation of triterpene alcohol ferulates from rice bran oil using a high performance counter-current chromatography. Food Chem 2013a; 139: 919–924.10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.01.106Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Liu K-T, Liang F-L, Lin Y-F, Tung K-L, Chung T-W, Hsu S-H. A novel green process on the purification of crude Jatropha oil with large permeate flux enhancement. Fuel 2013b; 111: 180–185.10.1016/j.fuel.2013.04.049Search in Google Scholar
Lynn L, Steen GJ, Anderson RM. New rice oils. Food Technol 1968; 22: 1250–1252.Search in Google Scholar
Manjula S, Subramanian R. Simultaneous degumming, dewaxing and decolorizing crude rice bran oil using nonporous membranes. Sep Purif Technol 2009; 66: 223–228.10.1016/j.seppur.2009.01.004Search in Google Scholar
Manjula KS, Satheesh Kumar MN, Soare BG, Picciani P, Siddaramaiah. Biobased chain extended polyurethane and its composites with silk fiber. Polym Eng Sci 2010; 50: 851–856.10.1002/pen.21604Search in Google Scholar
Mishra R, Sharma HK, Sarkar BC, Sengar G. Enzymatic degumming of crude rice bran oil. Bio processing of foods. Asia Tech Publications. Chapter 07 99, 2011.Search in Google Scholar
Mohr CMD, Engelgau DE, Leeper SA, Charboneau BL. Membrane application and research in food processing. Park Ridge, NJ: Noyes Data Corp., 1989: 305.Search in Google Scholar
Nasirullah. Physical refining: electrolyte degumming of nonhydratable gums from selected vegetable oils. J Food Lipids 2005; 12: 103–111.10.1111/j.1745-4522.2005.00009.xSearch in Google Scholar
Nieuwenhuyzen WV. Lecithin production and properties. J Am Oil Chem Soc 1976; 53: 425–427.10.1007/BF02605737Search in Google Scholar
Pestana-Bauer VR, Zambiazi RC, Mendonça CRB, Beneito-Cambra M, Ramis-Ramos G. γ-Oryzanol and tocopherol contents in residues of rice bran oil refining. Food Chem 2012; 134: 1479–1483.10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.03.059Search in Google Scholar
Pioch D, Larguize C, Graille J, Ajana H, Rouviere J. Towards an effective membrane based vegetable oils refining. Ind Crops Prod 1998; 7: 83–87.10.1016/S0926-6690(97)00035-6Search in Google Scholar
Rajam L, Kumar DRS, Sundarsan A, Arumugham C. A novel process for physically refined rice bran oil through simultaneous degumming and dewaxing. J Am Oil Chem Soc 2005; 82: 213–220.10.1007/s11746-005-5174-4Search in Google Scholar
Robert JW, Maarten VO. Enzymes in food technology. Vol. 1, 2nd ed. London: Wiley-Blackwell, 2009.Search in Google Scholar
Saravanan M, Bhosle BM, Subramanian R. Processing hexane-oil miscella using a nonporous polymeric composite membrane. J Food Eng 2006; 74: 529–535.10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2005.03.040Search in Google Scholar
Segers JC. Super degumming, a new degumming process and its effect on the effluent problems of edible oil refining. Eur J Lipid Sci Technol 1982; 84: 543–546.Search in Google Scholar
Sengupta AK. Process for refining crude glyceride oils by membrane filtration. New York: Lever Brothers Co., Assignee. US Patent 4,062,882, 1977.Search in Google Scholar
Sengupta AK. Purification process. New York: Lever Brothers Co., Assignee. US Patent 4,093,540, 1978.Search in Google Scholar
Sengupta AK. Refining. New York: Lever Brothers Co., Assignee. US Patent 4,533,501, 1985.Search in Google Scholar
Sereewatthanawut I, Baptista IIR, Boam AT, Hodgson A. Livingston AG. Nanofiltration process for the nutritional enrichment and refining of rice bran oil. J Food Eng 2011; 102: 16–24.10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2010.07.020Search in Google Scholar
Sheelu G, Kavitha G, Fadnavis NW. Efficient immobilization of lecitase in gelatin hydrogel and degumming of rice bran oil using a spinning basket reactor. J Am Oil Chem Soc 2008; 85: 739–748.10.1007/s11746-008-1261-7Search in Google Scholar
Skhariya R. Enzymatic degumming. Infusion of technologies imperative for global competitiveness DSIR-IIFT-TEDO Technology Exports Lecture Series-II 2006; 8: 2–12.Search in Google Scholar
Subramanian R, Nakajima M, Yasui A, Nabetani H, Kimura T, Maekawa T. Evaluation of surfactant-aided degumming of vegetable oils by membrane technology. J Am Oil Chem Soc 1999; 76: 1247–1253.10.1007/s11746-999-0101-8Search in Google Scholar
Subrahmanyam VC, Rao VM, Balasubrahmanyam V, Bhowmick DN. Membrane degumming of crude rice bran oil: pilot plant study. Eur J Lipid Sci Technol 2006; 108: 746–752.10.1002/ejlt.200600086Search in Google Scholar
Suzuki S, Maebashi N, Yamano S, Nogaki H, Tamaki A, Noguchi A. Process for refining vegetable oil. Mitsubishi Kakoki Kaisha Ltd.: Assignee US Patent 5,166,376, 1992.Search in Google Scholar
Szydlowska-Czerniak A. MIR spectroscopy and partial least square regression for determination of phospholipids in rapeseed oil at various stages of technological processes. Food Chem 2007; 105: 1179–1187.10.1016/j.foodchem.2007.02.038Search in Google Scholar
Tanahashi S, Nagano K, Kasai M, Tsubone F, Iwama A, Kazuse Y, Tasaka K, Isooka Y. Process for purification of crude glyceride oil compositions. Pinoru Oil Mills Co., Assignee. US Patent 4,787,981, 1988.Search in Google Scholar
Yang B, Wang YH, Yang JG. Optimization of enzymatic degumming process for rapeseed oil. J Am Oil Chem Soc 2006; 83: 653–658.10.1007/s11746-006-1253-4Search in Google Scholar
Yu D, Ma Y, Xue SJ, Jiang L, Shi J. Characterization of immobilized phospholipase A1 on magnetic nanoparticles for oil degumming application. LWT-Food Sci Technol 2013; 50: 519–525.10.1016/j.lwt.2012.08.014Search in Google Scholar
Zacchi P, Eggers R, Jaeger P, Ambrogi A. High temperature-short time pre-conditioning of rapeseed: a polyphenol-enriched oil and the effect of refining. Eur J Lipid Sci Technol 2008; 110: 111–119.10.1002/ejlt.200700135Search in Google Scholar
Zufarov O, Schmidt S, Sekretar S, Cvengros J. Ethanolamines used for degumming of rapeseed and sunflower oils as diesel fuels. Eur J Lipid Sci Technol 2009; 111: 985–992.10.1002/ejlt.200900025Search in Google Scholar
©2014 by Walter de Gruyter Berlin/Boston
