Abstract
Starch is a widely used component in the food industry. Native starch does not have the desired properties, so it is modified according to the required properties. Out of different methods, crosslinking is one of the widely used ones. There are different crosslinking agents available. The method and mechanism of widely used crosslinking agents like phosphorous oxychloride, adipate and epichlorohydrin are discussed and compared. When starch is crosslinked, its properties vary. The extent of crosslinking can be predicted with the help of properties like viscosity and swelling. They are also compared for crosslinking by different agents.
References
Ashogbon AO, Akintayo ET. Recent trend in the physical and chemical modification of starches from different botanical sources: a review. Starch-Stärke 2014; 66: 41–57.10.1002/star.201300106Search in Google Scholar
Ashwar BA, Gani A, Shah A, Wani IA, Masoodi FA. Preparation, health benefits and applications of resistant starch–a review. Starch-Stärke 2015; 67: 294–302.10.1002/star.201400193Search in Google Scholar
Blennow A. Phosphorylation of the starch granule. In: Nakamura Y, editor. Starch. Japan: Springer, 2015: 399–424.Search in Google Scholar
Carmona-Garcia R, Sanchez-Rivera MM, Méndez-Montealvo G, Garza-Montoya B, Bello-Pérez LA. Effect of the cross-linked reagent type on some morphological, physicochemical and functional characteristics of banana starch (Musa paradisiaca). Carbohyd Polym 2009; 76: 117–122.10.1016/j.carbpol.2008.09.029Search in Google Scholar
Chantaro P, Pongsawatmanit R., Nishinari K. Effect of heating–cooling on rheological properties of tapioca starch paste with and without xanthan gum. Food Hydrocolloid 2013; 31: 183–194.10.1016/j.foodhyd.2012.10.026Search in Google Scholar
Chen L, Qiu X, Xie Z, Hong Z, Sun J, Chen X, Jing, X. Poly (l-lactide)/starch blends compatibilized with poly (l-lactide)-g-starch copolymer. Carbohyd Polym 2006; 65: 75–80.10.1016/j.carbpol.2005.12.029Search in Google Scholar
Cui SW, editor. Food carbohydrates: chemistry, physical properties, and applications. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 2005.Search in Google Scholar
De Oliveira CS, Andrade MMP, Colman TAD, da Costa FJOG, Schnitzler E. Thermal, structural and rheological behaviour of native and modified waxy corn starch with hydrochloric acid at different temperatures. J Therm Anal Calorim 2014; 115: 13–18.10.1007/s10973-013-3307-9Search in Google Scholar
Delley RJ, O’Donoghue AC, Hodgson DR. Hydrolysis studies of phosphodichloridate and thiophosphodichloridate ions. J Org Chem 2012; 77: 5829–5831.10.1021/jo300808mSearch in Google Scholar PubMed
Fuentes-Zaragoza E, Riquelme-Navarrete MJ, Sánchez-Zapata E, Pérez-Álvarez JA. Resistant starch as functional ingredient: a review. Food Res Int 2010; 43: 931–942.10.1016/j.foodres.2010.02.004Search in Google Scholar
Gao F, Li D, Bi CH, Mao ZH, Adhikari B. Preparation and characterization of starch crosslinked with sodium trimetaphosphate and hydrolyzed by enzymes. Carbohyd Polym 2014; 103: 310–318.10.1016/j.carbpol.2013.12.028Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Hanashiro I. Fine structure of amylose. In: Nakamura Y, editor. Starch. Japan: Springer, 2015: 41–60.Search in Google Scholar
Hoover R, Hughes T, Chung HJ, Liu Q. Composition, molecular structure, properties, and modification of pulse starches: a review. Food Res Int 2010; 43: 399–413.10.1016/j.foodres.2009.09.001Search in Google Scholar
Horchani H, Chaâbouni M, Gargouri Y, Sayari A. Solvent-free lipase-catalyzed synthesis of long-chain starch esters using microwave heating: optimization by response surface methodology. Carbohyd Polym 2010; 79: 466–474.10.1016/j.carbpol.2009.09.003Search in Google Scholar
Kadajji VG, Betageri GV. Water soluble polymers for pharmaceutical applications. Polymers 2011; 3: 1972–2009.10.3390/polym3041972Search in Google Scholar
Kahraman K, Koksel H, Ng PK. Optimisation of the reaction conditions for the production of cross-linked starch with high resistant starch content. Food Chem 2015; 174: 173–179.10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.11.032Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Kaur L, Singh N, Singh J. Factors influencing the properties of hydroxypropylated potato starches. Carbohyd Polym 2004; 55: 211–223.10.1016/j.carbpol.2003.09.011Search in Google Scholar
Kim HS, Hwang DK, Kim BY, Baik MY. Cross-linking of corn starch with phosphorus oxychloride under ultra high pressure. Food Chem 2012; 130: 977–980.10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.07.104Search in Google Scholar
Kim SK, Choi SH, Choi HW, Ko JH, Kim W, Kim DO, Kim BY, Baik MY. Retrogradation kinetics of cross-linked and acetylated corn starches under high hydrostatic pressure. Food Sci Biotechnol 2015; 24: 85–90.10.1007/s10068-015-0013-3Search in Google Scholar
Koo SH, Lee KY, Lee HG. Effect of cross-linking on the physicochemical and physiological properties of corn starch. Food Hydrocolloid 2010; 24: 619–625.10.1016/j.foodhyd.2010.02.009Search in Google Scholar
Kumari K, Rani U. Controlled release of metformin hydrochloride through crosslinked blends of chitosan-starch. Adv Appl Sci Res 2011; 2: 48–54.Search in Google Scholar
Le Corre D, Bras J, Dufresne A. Starch nanoparticles: a review. Biomacromolecules 2010; 11: 1139–1153.10.1021/bm901428ySearch in Google Scholar PubMed
Liu X, Wang Y, Yu L, Tong Z, Chen L, Liu H, Li X. Thermal degradation and stability of starch under different processing conditions. Starch-Stärke 2013; 65: 48–60.10.1002/star.201200198Search in Google Scholar
Moad G. Chemical modification of starch by reactive extrusion. Prog Poly Sci 2011; 36: 218–237.10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2010.11.002Search in Google Scholar
Neelam K, Vijay S, Lalit S. Various techniques for the modification of starch and the applications of its derivatives. Int Res J Pharm 2012; 3: 25–31.Search in Google Scholar
Raafat AI, Eid M, El-Arnaouty MB. Radiation synthesis of superabsorbent CMC based hydrogels for agriculture applications. Nucl Instr Meth Phys Res B 2012; 283: 71–76.10.1016/j.nimb.2012.04.011Search in Google Scholar
Ratnayake WS, Jackson DS. Phase transition of cross-linked and hydroxypropylated corn (Zea mays L.) starches. LWT-Food Sci Technol 2008; 41: 346–358.10.1016/j.lwt.2007.03.008Search in Google Scholar
Santander-Ortega MJ, Stauner T, Loretz B, Ortega-Vinuesa JL, Bastos-González D, Wenz G, Schaefer UF, Lehr CM. Nanoparticles made from novel starch derivatives for transdermal drug delivery. J Control Release 2010; 141: 85–92.10.1016/j.jconrel.2009.08.012Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Sapsford KE, Algar WR, Berti L, Gemmill KB, Casey BJ, Oh E, Stewart MH, Medintz IL. Functionalizing nanoparticles with biological molecules: developing chemistries that facilitate nanotechnology. Chem Rev 2013; 113: 1904–2074.10.1021/cr300143vSearch in Google Scholar PubMed
Shi M, Gu F, Wu J, Yu S, Gao Q. Preparation, physicochemical properties, and in vitro digestibility of cross-linked resistant starch from pea starch. Starch-Stärke 2013; 65: 947–953.10.1002/star.201300008Search in Google Scholar
Singh AV, Nath LK, Singh A. Pharmaceutical, food and non-food applications of modified starches: a critical review. Elec J Env Agricult Food Chem 2010; 9: 1214–1221.Search in Google Scholar
Singh H, Lin JH, Huang WH, Chang YH. Influence of amylopectin structure on rheological and retrogradation properties of waxy rice starches. J Cereal Sci 2012; 56: 367–373.10.1016/j.jcs.2012.04.007Search in Google Scholar
Sweedman MC, Tizzotti MJ, Schäfer C, Gilbert RG. Structure and physicochemical properties of octenyl succinic anhydride modified starches: a review. Carbohyd Polym 2013 92: 905–920.10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.09.040Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Teacǎ CA, Bodĭrlǎu R, Spiridon I. Cellulose-based starch composites: structure and properties. In: Lignocellulosic polymer composites: processing, characterization, and properties. Scrivener Publishing LLC, Wiley Online Library, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2014: 125–145. DOI: 10.1002/9781118773949.ch7.10.1002/9781118773949.ch7Search in Google Scholar
Vroman I, Tighzert L. Biodegradable polymers. Materials 2009; 2: 307–344.10.3390/ma2020307Search in Google Scholar
Walker AW, Ince J, Duncan SH, Webster LM, Holtrop G, Ze X, Brown D, Stares MD, Scott P, Bergerat A, Louis P, McIntosh F, Johnstone AM, Lobley GE, Parkhill J, Flint HJ. Dominant and diet-responsive groups of bacteria within the human colonic microbiota. ISME J 2011; 5: 220–230.10.1038/ismej.2010.118Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Whistler R, editor. Industrial gums: polysaccharides and their derivatives. London: Elsevier, 2012.Search in Google Scholar
Woggum T, Sirivongpaisal P, Wittaya T. Characteristics and properties of hydroxypropylated rice starch based biodegradable films. Food Hydrocolloid 2015; 50: 54–64.10.1016/j.foodhyd.2015.04.010Search in Google Scholar
Zhang B, Tao H, Wei B, Jin Z, Xu X, Tian Y. Characterization of different substituted carboxymethyl starch microgels and their interactions with lysozyme. PLoS One 2014; 9: e114634.10.1371/journal.pone.0114634Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Zhang Y, Kou R, Lv S, Zhu L, Tan H, Gu J, Cao J. Effect of mesh number of wood powder and ratio of raw materials on properties of composite material of starch/wood powder. BioResources 2015; 10: 5356–5368.10.15376/biores.10.3.5356-5368Search in Google Scholar
©2016 by De Gruyter