Abstract
Imaging in the second near-infrared II (NIR-II) window, a kind of biomedical imaging technology with characteristics of high sensitivity, high resolution, and real-time imaging, is commonly used in the diagnosis of brain diseases. Compared with the conventional visible light (400–750 nm) and NIR-I (750–900 nm) imaging, the NIR-II has a longer wavelength of 1000–1700 nm. Notably, the superiorities of NIR-II can minimize the light scattering and autofluorescence of biological tissue with the depth of brain tissue penetration up to 7.4 mm. Herein, we summarized the main principles of NIR-II in animal models of traumatic brain injury, cerebrovascular visualization, brain tumor, inflammation, and stroke. Simultaneously, we encapsulated the in vivo process of NIR-II probes and their in vivo and in vitro toxic effects. We further dissected its limitations and following optimization measures.
Funding source: National Natural Science Foundation of China 10.13039/501100001809
Award Identifier / Grant number: 82104533
Funding source: Department of Science and Technology of Sichuan Province 10.13039/501100004829
Award Identifier / Grant number: 2021YJ0175 and 2018JY0467
Funding source: China Postdoctoral Science Foundation 10.13039/501100002858
Award Identifier / Grant number: 2020M683273
Funding source: Project First-Class Disciplines Development of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine 10.13039/501100008402
Award Identifier / Grant number: CZYJC1903
Funding source: National Key R&D Program of China 10.13039/501100012166
Award Identifier / Grant number: 2017YFC1703904
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Author contributions: All the authors have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this submitted manuscript and approved submission.
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Research funding: This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (82104533), the Science & Technology Department of Sichuan Province (2021YJ0175 and 2018JY0467), the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (2020M683273), the Project First-Class Disciplines Develop-ment of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine (CZYJC1903) and the National Key R&D Program of China (2017YFC1703904).
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Conflict of interest statement: The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
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